Respiratory system applied anatomy and physiology (Swine flue)

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Respiratory System Applied Anatomy and
Physiology(Swine flu)

• Dr. Lalit. V. Vithalani
• M.D.(Kriya-Sharir)
• B.S.Ayurved college, Sawantwadi
• drlalit.vithalani_at_gmail.com

Dr. Sanjay A Dalvi M.D.(Rachana-Sharir) B.S.Ayu
rved college, Sawantwadi drsanjudalvi77_at_gmail.com

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Breathing/Respiration Human Fetus Exchanges
Gases with Mothers Blood through the Placenta
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Q- Is there any difference between Breathing and
Respiration ?
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Breathing

• Moving air
• in and out of the lungs.

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Respiration

• Chemical reaction that releases energy

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• Cellular respiration requires glucose and oxygen
  to release energy to the body
• C6H12O6    6O2  ?  6CO2    6 H2O    Energy
• Oxygen is provided by the respiratory system
• Glucose is provided by the digestive system

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Respiratory System Divisions

• Upper tract
• Nose, pharynx and associated structures
• Lower tract
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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Respiratory System Function

• Major Functions
• Upper respiratory system
• Air conditioning
• Defense against pathogens
• Lower respiratory system
• Speech other respiratory sounds
• Gas exchange
• Maintenance of homeostasis, e.g. pH

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SWINE FLU APPLIED ANATOMY
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Nasal Cavity
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Respiratory Membrane
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Respiratory Membrane
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PULMONARY DEFENCE

• Goblet Cells Sulphated acid mucosubstances
  responds mainly in local irritations
• Bronchial Glands Anti-bacterial anti-viral
  lysosomes, antibodies IgA, Interferons.
• Mucous cells Carboxylated mucosubstances
• Alveolar Phagocytes

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Respiratory System Functions-

• Respiration
• - Provides O2 to body cells for
  energy
• - Removes CO2 from body cells.
• Production of sound
• Assisting in bodys defense against foreign
  materials

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Respiratory System Functions

• Regulation of blood pH
• -altered by changing blood CO2 levels
• Olfaction Sensation of smell.
• -airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity.
• Protection
• -against microorganisms by preventing entry
  and removing them.

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Respiratory System Structures

• Nose
• External portion composed of cartilage and bone
  covered with skin
• Entrance to nose nostrils or nares
• Air enters body through the nose and mouth
• Nasal cavity
• Divided into left and right chambers by dividing
  wall called the septum
• As air enters through nose, it passes into the
  nasal cavity

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Linings of nasal cavity

• Vestibule (just above nostrils)
• Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat
  glands and nose hairs
• Filters large particulars (insects, fur, etc.)
• The remainder of nasal cavity 2 types of mucous
  membrane
• Small patch of olfactory mucosa near roof.
  (cribriform plate)
• Respiratory mucosa lines most of the cavity.

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Respiratory Organs

• Nose
• cleanse, warm, humidify air
• Respiratory mucosa
• Line much of nasal cavity
• Goblet cells secrete mucus
• Mucus traps inhaled particles
• Cilia move mucus ?? stomach
• Cold-sensitive ? runny nose
• Lysozyme destroys bacteria

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Respiratory Organs

• Nose
• Respiratory mucosa
• Lymphocytes in laminar propria
• Protection
• Large blood vessels in laminar propria
• Warm air

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Respiratory Organs

• Paranasal sinuses
• Hollow areas or cavities within the skull that
  communicate with the nasal cavity
• Enhance the sound of the voice
• Lined with mucous membranes
• Help to warm and filter the air as it enters the
  respiratory system
• Cilia (hairlike projections on mucous membranes)
  sweep dirt and foreign material toward throat for
  elimination

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Respiratory System Structures

• Pharynx
• Airway that connects the mouth and nose to the
  larynx
• Also known as the throat
• Serves as a common passageway for both air and
  food

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Respiratory System Structures

• Pharynx
• Commonly divided into three sections
• Nasopharynx
• Contains the adenoids
• Oropharynx
• Contains the tonsils (palatine tonsils)
• Laryngopharynx

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Respiratory System Structures

• Larynx
• Connects pharynx with trachea
• Contains the vocal cords
• Vocal cords vibrate as air passes through the
  space between them, producing sound.

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Respiratory System Structures

• Trachea (windpipe)
• Extends into the chest and serves as a passageway
  for air to the bronchi
• Bronchi
• Trachea branches into two tubes called the
  bronchi - carina
• Each bronchus leads to a separate lung
• Divides and subdivides into progressively smaller
  tubes called bronchioles

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Respiratory System Structures

• Bronchioles
• Smallest branches of bronchi
• Terminal ends known as alveoli
• Air sacs
• Have thin walls that allow for exchange of gases
  between the lungs and the blood

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Respiratory System Structures

• Lungs
• Two cone-shaped, spongy organs consisting of
  alveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue, and
  nerves
• Left lung - two lobes, right lung - three lobes
• Apex uppermost part of lung
• Base lower part of lung
• Hilum portion in midline region where blood
  vessels, nerves, and bronchial tubes enter and
  exit the lungs.

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Respiratory Organs

• Alveolus / alveoli
• 150 million total
• 70 square meter surface area
• High surface area facilitates gas exchange

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Alveolar structure

• Type I cells ? gas exchange
• Type II cells ? secrete surfactant (lipoproteins)
  ? decrease surface tension ? allowing for easier
  alveoli inflation
• Surfactants start to be secreted by the 7th month
  of pregnancy
• ? risk of lung disease in premature babies
• Macrophages.

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Applied physiology
-Inhalation of pathogens in air
droplets. -Aspiration of infected secretions
from the upper respiratory tract. -Aspiration of
infected particles from gastric contents, food,
or debris.
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Common Cold

• Most cold are caused by viral infections
• Rhinovirus
• Influenza
• Virus invade the mucosa of URT.
• Signs and symptoms
• Fever, Running nose, excessive mucous
• sore throat, cough, upset stomach.
• Treatment reduce symptoms/symptomatic
• Note antibiotics do not help viral infections

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Influenza

• Pronounced
• (in-floo-IN-zah)
• Defined
• Highly contagious viral infection of the
  respiratory tract transmitted by airborne droplet
  infection
• Also known as the flu
• Symptoms include sore throat, cough, fever,
  muscular pains, and generalized weakness

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Swine flu and Immunity

• Innate Immunity- Non Specific response already
  explained.
• Specific immunity ?

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Do you think reading is a Voluntary process ???

• In Next Slide Just Stare at Screen and dont
  Read a single word.
• Got it , Remember - Just see at slide,
• Dont
  read

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• I know , you are reading.
• Still reading each and every word.
• Thank you, very much.
• Now Go Ahead

This is what happens with our Humoural immunity
when they encounter a known pathogen.
B-lymphocytes starts producing antibodies
immediately.
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• Another Exercise
• In the Next slide
• Read each and every word carefully.
• Its life saving information.

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This is what happens with our humoral immunity
when they (B-lymphocytes) firstly encounter a
new pathogen, they need time to learn its
structure and produce antibodies against it.
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Preventive measures
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Swine flu- Preventive measures Keep safe
distance(at least 6 feet) from high risk people
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Swine flu-Preventive measures-Promote use of mask
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Avoid frequent touching to mouth and
nose-Dangerous Triangle
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How can I reduce the spread of infectious
diseases?

• Good hand washing
• Universal precautions at all times
• Respiratory droplet precautions
• When an airborne illness is suspected

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• Avoid Shake hand Promote Namaste