Indonesia Earthquake

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Just-in-Time Lecture
www.pitt.edu/super/
Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006
Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro
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Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to
translate the best possible scholarly information
to educators worldwide.
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Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to
translate the best possible scholarly information
to educators worldwide.
What are the Disaster Supercourse JIT
lecture?
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.
What is the Disaster Supercourse? What is a JIT
lecture?
http//www.pitt.edu/super1
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Lecture objectives

• To provide the best possible scientific
• information about the Indonesia
• earthquake, 27 May 2006
• To teach how the science can help
• Indonesian to be prepared for primary
• secondary prevention of consequences of
• earthquake

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Lecture objectives

• In this lecture you will find
• How the vulnerability conditions can change
• a natural hazard to a disaster?

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What is the earthquake?
The shaking of earth caused by waves moving on
and below the earth's surface and causing
surface faulting, tremors vibration,
liquefaction, landslides, aftershocks and/or
tsunamis.
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How earthquake happens?

• It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT.
• Stresses in the earth's
• outer layer push sides of
• fault together.
• Stress builds up rocks
• slips suddenly, releasing
• energy in waves that travel
• through the earth's CRUST
• cause the shaking that we
• Feel during an earthquake.

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Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude II)
Intensity

• I) Magnitude
• Definition A measure of actual physical energy
  release at its source as estimated from
  instrumental observations.
• Scale Richter Scale
• By Charles Richter, 1936
• Open-ended scale
• The oldest most widely used

Noji 1997
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Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude II)
Intensity

• II) Intensity
• Definition a measure of the felt or perceived
  effects of an earthquake rather than the strength
  of the earthquake itself.
• Scale Modified Mercalli (MM) scale
• 12-point scale, ranges from barely perceptible
  earthquakes at MM I to near total destruction
  at MM XII

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Magnitude versus Intensity

• Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake
  as
• a whole, while intensity refers to the
  effects of an
• earthquake at a particular site.
• An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while
• intensity is usually strongest close to the
  epicenter
• is weaker the farther a site is from the
  epicenter.
• The intensity of an earthquake is more germane
  to
• its public health consequences than its
  magnitude.

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Indonesia

• Location South eastern Asia
• Extension 1,913.000 Km2
• Around 18.000 islands (70 unpopulated)
• The world's largest archipelago!
• Bicontinental country Asia Australia

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Indonesias Health Statistics

• Total population 222,781,000
• GDP per capita (Intl , 2004) 3,840
• Life expectancy at birth M/F (years2002)
• 65,0 / 68,0
• Healthy life expectancy at birth M/F
• (years, 2006) 57,4 / 58,9

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Indonesias Health Statistics

• Child mortality M/F (per 1000) 41/36
• Adult mortality M/F (per 1000) 239/200
• Total health expenditure per capita
• (Intl , 2003) 113
• Total health expenditure as of GDP
• (2003) 3,1

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Indonesia Seismic Plates

• Plates movement
• 6.0 cm per year in the West Java Trench
• 4.9 cm per year in the East Java Trench
• 10.7 cm per year in New Guinea
  

Earthquakes active faults in
USGS
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Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia
Based on Expected Ground Acceleration
USGS
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Significant earthquake in Indonesia
Significant earthquakes in Indonesia
MAGNITUDE LOCATION DATE
M 6.3 Java May 26, 2006
M 8.7 Northern Sumatra March 28, 2005
M 9.0 Sumatra - Andaman Islands December 26, 2004
M 7.0 Halmahera May 26, 2003
M 7.4 Sumatra Nov. 2, 2002
M 6.5 Bengkulu June 7, 2000
M 8.1 Irian Jaya Region February 17, 1996
M 7.5 Flores Region Dec. 12, 1992
http//www.eeri.org/lfe/indonesia.html
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The Largest earthquake in Indonesia
Region Death Mag Date
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 1,313 8.7 03/28 2005
Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 283,106 9.0 12/26 2004
Irian Jaya Region Indonesia 166 8.2 02/17 1996
Flores Region, Indonesia 2,519 7.8 12/12 1992
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The deadliest earthquake in Indonesia
Region Death Mag
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 1,313 8.7 28/03/2005
Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 283,106 9.0 26/12/2004
Flores Region, Indonesia 2,519 7.8 12/12/1992
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The largest earthquake in Indonesia

• Date Sunday, December 26, 2004
• Location OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
• Magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale
• Time 005853 (UTC)
• Epicentre 3.316N, 95.854E
• Depth 30 km (18.6 miles)
• Death gt220,000

usgs.gov
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Volcanic activities in Indonesia

• Indonesia's volcanic activity is among the
• Earth's highest!
• The most famous Krakatau (Krakatoa),
• (between Sumatra
• and Java)

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Average Disaster Per Year in Indonesia, 1980-2000
UNDP
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Average Killed per year by natural disasters in
Indonesia, 1980-2000
UNDP
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Comparison of Average Killed per year due to
Earthquakes between Indonesia other countries,
1980-2000
UNDP
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Indonesia Earthquake, 27 May 2006

• Time 5/53/58 Local Time
• Magnitude 6.3 on Richter scale
• Region Java, Indonesia
• Geolocation 7.962S, 110.458E
• Main Affected area Yogyakarta , Java
• Depth 10 km (6.2 miles)
• Epicenter 37 km south of Yogyakarta
• 455 Km of Jakarta

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Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) province

• People of DIY only were worry about the eruption
  of
• Mount Merapi in the Northern part of City of
  Yogyakarta,
• they had never thought about earthquake over
  hundred
• years!
• DIY has a special status in Republic of
  Indonesia,
• although in the Province level, the governor
  is always
• the descendant of the King, to honor the
  culture of
• Kingdom.

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Indonesia Earthquake Infrastructure Damage

• Roads Bridges 49 km
• Destroyed Schools 269
• Government Buildings 302
• Religious Buildings 18,959
• Local Markets 9
• Destroyed houses 60,000

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Damage Building and Housingin District of
Klaten, Province of Central Java
Village Affected Peoples Housing Peoples Housing Peoples Housing Governmental Building Governmental Building Governmental Building
Village Affected Total Damage Severe Damage Mild Damage Total Damage Severe Damage Mild Damage
391 36,210 59,062 83,933 76 417 432
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Damage Housing in Province of DIY
District Level of Damage Level of Damage Level of Damage
District Total Severe Mild-Moderate
Bantul 28,939 40,038 30,906
Yogyakarta 2,091 3,986 1,422
Gunungkidul 13,250 4,718 16,742
Sleman 4,991 15,382 30,479
Kulonprogo 868 3,589 7,137
Total DIY 49,339 67,713 86,686
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Indonesia Earthquake Damage to Health
Facilities
Government Residences for Health Staff Integrated Health Post (Pustu) Community Health centre (Puskesmas)
- 11 18 Yogyakarta City
24 31 25 Bantul District
- - 1 Klaten District
01 June 2006
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Damage to Health Facilities

• City of Yogyakarta of Province of DIY
• 6 Public Health Centers (PHC) 1 Sub PHC were
  severely damaged
• 9 PHCs and 6 Sub PHCs were moderately damaged
• 3 PHCs and 4 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged.
• District of Klaten of Province of Central Java
• 2 PHCs and 8 Sub PHCs were destroyed
• 7 PHCs and 25 Sub PHCs were severely damaged
• 5 PHCs and 20 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged rusak
  ringan
• District of Bantul of Province of DIY
• 15 PHCs, 1 District Health Office, 30 Sub PHCs
  and 46 Houses of Officers were severely damaged
• 4 PHCs, 13 Sub PHCs and 21 Houses of Officers
  were moderately damaged
• 7 PHCs, 1 District General Hospital of Bantul, 13
  PHCs and 4 Houses of Officers were mildly
  damaged.

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Indonesia Earthquake Main Health Impacts

• Death toll 4,962 to 6,234
• Injured 33,852 to 57,790
• Hospitalized patients 18,959
• Displaced/homeless 200,000- 600,000

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Indonesia Earthquake Mortality distribution
3580 Kab.Bantul Yogyakarta
212 Kab.Sleman
165 Kota Yogyakarta
69 Kab. Gunung Kidul
26 Kab. Kulon Progo
1668 Kab. Klaten Central Java
5 Kab. Purworejo
3 Kota Boyolali
1 Kab. Magelang
1 Kab. Sukoharjo
1678
31/05/2006
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Indonesia Earthquake Health Needs Concerns

• Shelters tents
• Medical Assistance
• Lacks of Medical Staff services
• Bed sheets, mattresses
• Clean Water Food
• Disease surveillance system

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Some key points in relief operation

• Emergency Health Information System
• Importance of right kind of donations (based on
• right needs assessment)
• Incident Command System (ICS)
• Inter and Intra sectoral Coordination

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Public Health Consequences of Earthquakes
Pease see the following lectures Part I.
http//www.pitt.edu/super1/lecture/lec13021/index
.htm Part II. http//www.pitt.edu/super1/lecture
/lec13051/index.htm
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Indonesia Earthquake Economical Damage

• Only for covering the 6 months relief needs
• 103,389,500 US (UN Flash Appeal)

How about the recovery reconstruction of
damaged infrastructures?
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Indonesia Earthquake

• Several decades of development wiped out
• in seconds in Yogyakarta Java
• How many percent of Indonesia GDP has
• been lost in the recent earthquake?
• What do you think about spending this
• money on prevention? And absolutely
• without loosing the lives and injuries!

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30 years continuous evolution in the practice of
Crisis or Disaster Management

• Civil defense
• Emergency assistance
• Disaster response and relief
• Humanitarian assistance
• Emergency management
• Civil protection
• Disaster mitigation and prevention
• Disaster Risk Management

Strategic shift from managing a disastrous event
to more preventive and proactive approaches!!
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What is Disaster risk reduction (disaster
reduction or DRR)?

• The conceptual framework of elements considered
  with the possibilities to minimize
  vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a
  society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
  (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts
  of hazards, within the broad context of
  sustainable development !

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DRR Terminology What is the Hazard?

• A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon
  or human activity that may cause the loss of life
  or injury, property damage, social and economic
  disruption or environmental degradation.

Indonesian Earthquake Geological Natural
Flood, Hurricane Hydro meteorological
Pandemic Biological
Deforestation Environmental degradation Hyman Induced
Nuclear release Technological
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DRR Terminology What is the Vulnerability?

• The conditions determined by physical, social,
  economic, and environmental factors or processes,
  which increase the susceptibility of a community
  to the impact of hazards.
• Vulnerable Yogyakarta , Java
• Unprepared people, society
• Unprepared institutions
• Non-resistant building
• High-density population
• etc.

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What is Risk?

• The probability of harmful consequences, or
  expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
  livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or
  environment damaged) resulting from interactions
  between natural or human-induced hazards
  vulnerable conditions.
• Risk Hazards x Vulnerability

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What is a Disaster ?

• A serious disruption of the functioning of a
  community or a society causing widespread human,
  material, economic or environmental losses which
  exceed the ability of the affected community or
  society to cope using its own resources.

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What is a Disaster?

• A disaster is a function of the risk process.
• It results from the combination of hazards,
  conditions of vulnerability and insufficient
  capacity or measures to reduce the potential
  negative consequences of risk.

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Indonesian earthquake Risk model

• Maybe DIY Java communities were not able to
  modify the hazard part of the earthquake risk
  model, and predict it precisely, BUT they could
  assess their vulnerability conditions and reduced
  them!
• This has been the same experience in Bam
  Kashmir!

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Main Lesson Learned

• So, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter
  scale is not equal to a disaster. It is just
  movement of the earth crust. Our vulnerability
  has changed it to a disaster!!

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Just-in-Time Education Lets teach the
communities right now !
Risk awareness Knowledge development including
education, training, research and information are
of the important fields of action for Disaster
Risk Reduction!
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Information .

• People need information as much as
• water, food, medicine or shelter.
• Information can save lives, livelihoods
• resources.
• Lack of information can make
• people victims of disaster.

World Disaster Report 2005 IFRC/RCS
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What we should do/do not before, during after
the earthquake?
Please read carefully at http//earthquake.usgs.g
ov/faq/prepare.html
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References
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We wish to express our warm thanks to GDHNet
faculties and all groups that contributed their
valuable materials.