Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering

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• Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering

Yingxiao Wang
Beckman 4261 x36727 yingxiao_at_uiuc.edu
http//imaging.bioen.uiuc.edu/yingxiao_wang/classe
s.htm
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• Objective

To introduce the cutting-edge engineering
technologies applied in the molecular and
cellular biology research, i.e. how can the
properties of genes, molecules, and cells be
monitored, measured, manipulated, and modeled to
advance our understanding of the complex
biological system.
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Introduction

• Cells
• Genomes
• Genomes Control Cellular Functions
• Molecules
• Reactions between Molecules

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• Cells and Genomes

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Cells Determine the Whole Multi-cellular Organism
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Cells are dictated by linear information stored
in DNA Units and Assembly
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DNA Units and Assembly
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DNA Replication
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From DNA to Protein
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Transcription (From DNA to RNA)
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The Conformation of RNA
Hepatitis Delta Virus
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tRNA
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Translation (mRNA-gtProtein)
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3D Structure of Ribosome
tRNAs
Ribosome
mRNA
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The Function of Proteins
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Gene and Regulatory DNA
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Bilayer of amphipathic Lipids Forming Membrane
Plasma Membrane
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Plasma Membrane
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Summary 1

• DNA (linear information) -gtRNA (different forms,
  linear and 3D) -gtProtein (Linear and 3D)
• Replication, Transcription, Translation
• DNA and RNA, phosphatesugarbase
• DNA, Double Helix, AGTC
• RNA, tRNA, mRNA (AGUC), rRNA
• RNA and Protein, Various 3D structures
• Protein, enzyme, structure supports, regulation
  of DNAs
• Lipids, cell membrane

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Gene Alteration (I)
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Gene Alteration (II)
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Gene Comparison
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Cell Types Procaryotes (without nucleus) and
Eucaryotes (with nucleus)
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An Eucaryotic Cell
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Phagocytosis White blood cell engulfing a red
blood cell
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Mitochondrion Own tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, own
circular DNA
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Proposed Hypothesis the Origin of Mitochondria
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The Origin of Chloroplasts
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Eucaryotic genomes are large and rich in
regulatory DNAs, which can sense environmental
signals and regulate cellular products and
functions Environment and Cellular Functions and
Fate
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Yeast the Simplest Eucaryote Cell Model Genome
small, cell cycle rapid (almost the same as
bacteria)
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Microarray Study of Yeast Genome upon Stimulation
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Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the
Ultimate Goal-Human Beings
compartmentalization
Cell cycle, apoptosis
C-elegan
Drosophila
Cell cycle short (days), genome simple (single
gene controlling one phenotype)
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Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the
Ultimate Goal-Human Beings
Mouse
Human Beings
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Mutational Genesis to Find Gene Functions in
Model Systems Redundancy and overlapping of gene
functions (the complexity of model studies)
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Summary 2

• Gene Alterations mutation, duplication, segment
  shuffling, horizontal transfer
• Procaryote (bacteria and Archaea) and Eucaryotes
  (nucleus)
• The structure and development of Eucaryotes
  (predators)
• Large Genome and sophiscated gene regulation
  (Environment effects on Gene expressions)
• Single cell model system yeast
• Multicelullar Model systems c elegans,
  drosophila, mouse, human being
• Complexity of Gene mutagenesis