The Land and Its Early People

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Chapter 2

• The Land and Its Early People

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History

• Written began in Africa about 6000 years ago.
• Pre-history before written records
• Hieroglyphics early writing that used pictures
  and symbols
• Oral stories or narratives passed down from
  older generations to younger generations.
• Traditions, beliefs, folklore,
• Thanksgiving table
• Crazy Uncle
• Culture describes the beliefs, traditions,
  music, art and social institutions of a group of
  people,

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Sources

• Primary Source Original account
• Letters, diaries, speeches, autobiographies,
  newspaper reports, govt documents, business
  records, oral accounts, old photos, buildings,
  tools, clothing, art, grave markers
• Hernando De Soto (1540)one of the 1st Europeans
  to WRITE eyewitness accounts about Indians
• Secondary Sources second hand accounts
• Written by people who did not witness events
• Biographies, text books, maps, encyclopedias
• Hypothesis preliminary conclusion
• B.C. Before Christ
• A.D. Anno Domini
• Circa around or approximately

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Early America

• Christopher Columbus
• Thought he was in the East Indies Indians
• Believed to have come from Asia 30,000 years
  earlier.
• New World
• North AND South America

Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
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Archaeologists v. Anthropologists

• Archaeologists study the artifacts and fossils
  to learn about the life and people of early
  times.
• Anthropologists study the development of human
  culturePaint us a picture of the times.
• Carbon 14 Testing used to help date artifacts
  and fossils
• Organic matter onlyplants and animals
• Dr. W.F. Libby

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Land Bridge

• During the Ice Age, the sea level was much lower
  than todayforming a Land Bridge between Asia
  and North America.
• Beringia land between present day Alaska and
  Siberia (1300 miles wide)
• Nomadic tribes followed the animal herds across
  this bridge becoming the Early Indian cultures of
  America.
• 4x length of Georgia
• P. 51

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Indian Cultures-PAWMp. 57 Cause and Effect

• 4 Indian Cultures (Tribes)
• Paleo 10,000 years ago
• Archaic 8000BC to 1000BC
• Early , Middle, Late
• Woodland 1000BC to 1000AD
• Mississippian 700AD to 1600AD

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PALEO

• Earliest known Indian culture.
• Paleolithic Age (Very old)
• Tools and weapons made mostly of stone
• Atlatl spear throwing device
• Nomadic roaming hunters who followed animals for
  food.
• Mammoths, bison, sloth
• Hunting methods included chasing off cliffs
  (Bones)
• Paleo Sites in Georgia
• Flint, Savannah, Ocmulgee

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ARCHAIC

• Early (8000-5000BC)
• The larger game slowly became extinct forcing the
  Indians to hunt smaller animals.
• Deer, rabbit, turkey, fish
• Spears and points became smaller
• Archeologists found weapons made of rock not
  found in GA.
• Trade or Migration
• Fall lived where berries, nuts fruits were
  available
• Summer good fishing locations
• Spring Winter migrated for other food sources.

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ARCHAIC

• Middle (5000-4000BC)
• As areas grew drier and warmer, coastlines and
  riverbeds became exposed mussels, clams, and
  shellfish.
• Middens heaps/piles of shells
• Hooks made of animal bone for fishing
• Longer/lighter spears traveled farther and more
  accurateno longer needed to hunt as often.
• Small groups begin to join together outside the
  family structure

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ARCHAIC

• Late (4000-1000BC)
• Discovery of grooved axe with wooden handle.
• Excavations archeological diggings
• Horticulture science of growing plants and trees
• Saving seeds
• Stallings Island mound of mussel and clam
  shellsburial grounds, fire hearths, pipes, axes
  and shell beads
• Villages were becoming more permanent.

Stallings Island Excavation Site
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POTTERY

• One of the greatest contributions the Archaic
  Indians made to advancement of civilization.
• Sherds bits of broken pottery
• Allowed for the storing and preservation of food,
  causing Indians to stay in one place longer!

Broken Pottery with engravings
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WOODLAND

• Several families or camps would come together to
  form TRIBES
• A group of people who share a common ancestry,
  name, and way of life
• Bow and Arrow made of stone, shark teeth and
  antlers.
• Pottery made to last longer
• Mixed with sand and dried in sun
• Evidence of religious ceremonies
• Burial Mounds
• Rock Eagle Mound made of quartz in the shape of
  a bird.
• No Explanationtheory.
• Effigy image of person or animal

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MISSISSIPPAIN

• Temple Mound Period
• Highest prehistoric civilization in Georgia
• First discovered villages along the Mississippi
  River
• Villages, towns, and farms
• Practiced a religion
• Evidence of Civilization
• Grow most of their food
• Crop rotation- plant in different fields
  (replenish nutrients)
• Jewelry, tattoos, hair styles, elaborate clothes
• Settlements with protective fences and moats
• Palisade wall made of tall posts
• Wattle and Daub structure made of wood and clay
• Religious centers to village
• DISAPPEARED without a traceDisease, enemies?

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MISSISSIPPIAN

• Ocmulgee National Monument
• Ceremonial lodge built of red clay
• Used for religious and village meetings
• Etowah Indian Mounds
• 7 pyramid-shaped mounds
• Graves and bodies found
• Carved marble statues
• Kolomoki Indian Mounds
• 300 acres with one mound, 50 feet high, 320 feet
  long
• Many workers using primitive tools over a long
  period of time.

Etowah Indian Mounds
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Cherokee Creek Confederacy

• Confederacy Nation
• 14 Tribes of with similar language and way of
  living
• Called Creek by the Europeans because that is
  where they were found to be living.
• Chiefdom Social and political institution
• Ruled by a priest/chief
• One to many villages
• Coweta War town (Columbus)
• Tribal war decisions were made here
• Cusseta Peace town (Ft. Benning)
• Tribal peace plans and treaties were discussed
  here
• Took on some of the European lifestyles
• GOVERNMENT

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Creek and Cherokee Lifestyles

• Villages on high banks
• Rich soil
• Water
• Defensive
• Fish
• Houses
• Religious Ceremonies
• Games Recreation
• Swimmer Cherokee medicine man who related his
  stories to anthropologists into written history.

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Indian Belief Systems

• Gods and spirits
• Cleanse themselves
• In and Out
• Believed in an Afterlife
• Brave warriors and faithful women rewarded
• Cowards and thieves punished

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This World

• Believed they were on an island
• Hung from the sky by 4 cords
• East-Red (life and success)
• West-Black (death)
• North-Blue (cold, trouble, defeat)
• South-White (warmth, happiness, peace)
• Each tribe thought it to be the center of the
  universe
• Orderly and predictable
• Did not like change
• Illness and bad luck came to those who misbehaved.

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Laws and ceremonies

• Purification of ones self
• Inside black tea
• Outside sweat house/cold stream
• Green Corn Ceremony
• To give thanks and to forgive wrongs done to
  them Murder was not forgiven!
• Law of Retaliation (Most Important)
• A person harmed has the right to harm the first
  in a similar manner
• An eye for an eye

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Upper World v. Under World

• Upper World
• Order and expectation
• Pure
• Sky vault
• Controlled day/night
• Under World
• Disorder and change
• Below the water
• Cannibals, ghosts and witches

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Gods and Spirits
Kanati
GHOST
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Gods and Spirits

• Sun (Female)
• Power of night and day
• Life and breath
• Kind hearted and watched over this world
• Moon (Male)
• Suns brother
• Rain and fertility
• Kanati (Male)
• Red man who lived in the sky vault in the East
• Voice of thunder
• Long Man (Male)
• River
• Head rested in the hills and feet in the lowlands
  

• Lesser Beings
• Underworld
• Treated with honor to avoid spread of disease
• The Immortals
• Invisible
• Lived in the mountains
• Cherokee legend drove away attacking tribes
• Little People
• Short with long hair
• Mischievousinsanity
• Ghosts
• Spirits that would cause illness and disease
• Murdered spirits stay until avenged

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Animals

• Deer greatest 4-footed animal
• Birds Sacred as they came in contact with Upper
  World
• Eagle Peace and order
• Falcon Eyesight
• Turkey Buzzard Healing
• Turkey/Red-Bellied Woodpecker War
• Rattlesnake
• Meat fierce
• Rattles scare enemies
• Oil sore joints
• Fangs draw blood/healing
• Bones necklaces
• Owl a witch due to humanlike eyes

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BEAR
Smarter than the average bear!

• Believed to be once a man who failed to avenge
  wrongs done to his people.
• Indians asked all animals for forgiveness EXCEPT
  for the bear, because they were men being
  punished and did not deserve Indian respect!
• Go CHIEFSBEAT the Grizzlies!!!

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PLANTS

• Friends to humans
• Corn (MAIZE)
• Most important
• Plants used in ceremony and healing
• Bear Grass Root snakebites and rheumatism
• Ginseng shortness of breath/stop bleeding
• Angelica Root back pain
• Spicebush tea cleaned blood
• TABACCO special plant used in ceremonial
  purposes asking for blessings from the Gods.
• Pure, white smoke rose to the Upper World

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Indian Society

• Mother-centered Family Systems
• Women at the center of clans (Related by blood)
• Women had a voice in anything that affected the
  tribe
• Child is only related by blood to its mother
• Mothers brothers (uncles) acted as the father
  figure

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Indian Government

• Clan who could marry punish wrongs
• Village headman and elders made up council
• Advised tribal chief
• Tribe some had 2 chiefs (War Peace)
• Many villages
• Nation or Confederacy
• Many tribes

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Indian Words of Georgia

• Dahlonega Yellow Money (Cherokee)
• Chickamauga sluggish or dead water
• Ocmulgee babbling water (Cherokee)
• Chatooga He has crossed the river and come out
  on the other side
• Tallulah awesome (Cherokee)

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Credits

• Page 1 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/paleoind.htm
• Page 1 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/archaic.htm
• Page 3 http//www.sailtexas.com/columbusships2.jp
  g
• Page 4 http//www.usd.edu/anth/midarch/archdo.htm
  
• Page 4 http//www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200
  5-01/iu-af4011705.php
• Page 5 http//www.alaskancities.com/
• Page 7 http//www.uark.edu/depts/contact/paleo.ht
  ml
• Page 8 http//bama.ua.edu/alaarch/prehistoricala
  bama/archaic.htm
• Page 9 http//www.fotosearch.com/IMP163/ingfmysb0
  011/
• Page 10 http//web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pa
  ges/research/stallings/StalPage.htm
• Page 11 http//www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Prehisto
  ric_Ceramic_Web_Page/Prehistoric20Ware20Descript
  ions/Townsend_Series_Images.htm
• Page 12 http//bama.ua.edu/alaarch/prehistorical
  abama/woodland.htm
• Page 14 http//notatlanta.org/etowahmounds.html
• Page 14 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/delta.htm

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Credits 2

• Page 16 http//cherokeehistory.com/image1.html
• Page 17 http//www.cherokeeswestern.com/artgaller
  y1.htm
• Page 20 http//www.cherokeescouter.org/camps/cher
  okee/Camp20Cherokee20Totem20Pole.htm
• Page 21 http//www.meredith.edu/nativeam/kanati_
  _selu.htm
• Page 21 http//www.manataka.org/page77.html
• Page 21 http//www.netaxs.com/mhmyers/moon.tn.ht
  ml
• Page 21 http//www.afunk.com/other/realghostbuste
  rs/
• Page 23 http//www.travel2canada.com/pics/hide/de
  er.jpg
• Page 23 http//www.owlpages.com/species/otus/sedu
  ctus/balsas_screech1.html
• Page 24 http//members.aol.com/PaulEC2/yogi.html
• Page 26 http//www.aprint4all.com/images/Native2
  0American20Wife.jpg
• Page 27 http//www.csulb.edu/depts/history/defaul
  t/ugrad/pflegerS01/images/AmIndLanguageMap.jpg