The Early History of Canada

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Chapter 5 The Early History of Canada
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Lesson 1 Early Exploration
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One thousand years ago, people who lived in one
area knew very little about the rest of the world.
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The earliest European explorers were the Vikings.
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They lived in the part of Europe that is today
called Scandinavia.
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The Vikings were known throughout northern Europe
as great warriors and sailors.
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A Viking Sailing Ship
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Much of what we know today about their adventures
comes from sagas.
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LAnse aux Meadows, Newfoundland
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Farm Under the Sand, Western Settlement, Greenland
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Historians have come to believe that the Vikings
were the first Europeans to reach the Americas,
about 1,000 years ago.
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A Viking named Eric the Red and his crew set sail
from Iceland and landed on an island that he
named Vinland.
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It was called Vinland because of the abundance of
green vines found there.
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Twenty years later, Leif Ericson founded the
island now called Newfoundland.
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Fierce battles took place between the Indians and
the Vikings as a result of a land dispute. . . .
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The Vikings eventually abandoned their
settlements in North America.
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Almost 500 years passed before Europeans took up
an interest in sailing across the Atlantic.
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Three reasons 1. Better ships 2.
Better instruments 3. Desire to trade with Asia
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What was in Asia? Silk, spices, perfume,
diamonds, spices, rubies, pearls, and spices!
(Did we mention spices?)
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Traders knew of only two routes to Asia, both of
which were very long and dangerous.
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Some people thought that if they sailed west,
instead of east, they could also reach Asia.
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The first European to attempt this route was
Christopher Columbus.
(But he reached the Americas instead of Asia.)
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Later, other explorers began to hope that they
could find an all-water route to Asia by
traveling along the north coast of North America.
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Although none of them ever found this Northwest
Passage, they were able to explore much of Canada.
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English Exploration
(1497)John Cabot, an Italian, reached Vinland. He
renamed it Newfoundland.
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French Exploration
(1524) Giovanni da Verrazano established French
claims to land in Canada.
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(1534) Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence
River and founded the present-day city of
Montreal.
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Lesson 2 Settlements and Colonies
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Many European fishing boats fished in the Grand
Banks, an area near Newfoundland that was teaming
with fish.
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Europeans living in Canada traded with the
Indians knives and kettles for fur pelts.
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Hats made out of beaver fur were all the rage
back home in Europe!
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The king of France sent Samuel de Champlain to
start a colony in Canada in the early 1600s.
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In 1608, Champlain established the settlement of
Quebec.
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Quebec was the beginning of the first French
colony in North America, which was called New
France.
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Because of his hard work, Champlain became known
as the Father of New France.
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The French would not allow anyone to move to
Quebec that was not Roman Catholic.
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Also, people were not used to the areas climate
and farming was difficult.
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Champlain was the first European to see the Great
Lakes.
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Most of the traders who ran the Canadian trading
posts were French.
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The British formed the Hudsons Bay Company,
which spread quickly, establishing posts all
along Hudson Bay.
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Some European trappers lived in the forests with
the Indians. They were called coureurs de bois,
wood runners
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These scouts learned from the Indians. They
learned how to use birchbark canoes.
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The French voyageurs carried the traders goods
from the forests.
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The strong voyageurs paddled down Canadas swift
rivers, carrying their canoes and cargo over each
portage, or land route.
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In 1642, the colony of Montreal was founded.
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Montreal became the center for missionaries from
France.
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The French hoped to convert the Indians to
Christianity.
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Montreal served as a missionary center for many
years. It also became an important base for fur
traders and explorers.
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Lesson 3 Colonies in Conflict
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By the 1700s, Canada was a land of many cultures.
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French
British
Huron
Iroquois
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In the late 1600s and early 1700s the French
and British frequently fought over land and
competed for the fur trade.
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In 1754 war broke out in the Ohio River Valley,
an area claimed by both France and Britain.
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The war became known as the rench and
Indian War because the French and the Huron
banded together against the British.
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British troops surrounded New France, using a
blockade to keep food and other supplies from
entering the colony.
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James Wolfe was one of the officers for the
British army.
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General Louis de Montcalm was with the French
army.
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The Battle of the Plains of Abraham is considered
the most decisive in Canadian history. This
battle lasted only ten minutes!
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By 1763, France had given up all of its claims to
land in North America.
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In 1774, the British passed the Quebec Act, which
guaranteed the French the right to maintain their
own culture.
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Thousands of French-speaking people were forced
by British soldiers to leave Nova Scotia, then
called Acadia.
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These Acadians refused to pledge loyalty to the
British crown. Some Acadians went to the area
around present-day Louisiana.
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Today, their descendants are called Cajuns.
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In 1776, the United States became independent of
Great Britain.
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Loyalists, colonists who had remained loyal to
Britain had often been forced by the rebels to
leave their homes.
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Many loyalists migrated to Canada during and
after the American Revolution.
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Many Loyalists did not want to live among
French-speaking Canadians.
Huh?
Est-ce que vous parlez en Francais?
Non, il a arrive a LAngleterre.
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In 1791 Britain divided the former colony of New
France into two colonies, Lower Canada and Upper
Canada.
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Most English-speaking settlers lived in the
western part of Upper Canada.
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Lower Canada, now Quebec, was home to many
French-speaking settlers.
Au contraire, mon frere!
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In the 1700s Britain gained control over the
vast area of Canada.
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However, Canada would have to struggle in order
to survive as one nation.
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The End