DOI and CrossRef

1

• DOI and CrossRef
• Richard OBeirne
• Blackwell Publishing
• Seminar on Linking Technologies
• Edinburgh, 6 March 2001

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Blackwell Publishing

• Blackwell Publishing (2001) Blackwell Science
  STM Munksgaard Danish STM Blackwell
  Publishers Humanities, Social sciences
• Combined output 500 journals 600 text and
  reference books p.a.
• Publishes on behalf of 550 academic and
  professional societies
• Online journals service Synergy Also publish
  through 15 aggregators and intermediaries

3
Our involvement with CrossRef

• One of twelve founder members
• Represented on Board by John Strange
• Represented on Technical Working Group and System
  Rewrite Group by Richard OBeirne

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CrossRef organization

• Publishers International Linking Association
  (PILA) - independent, not-for-profit,
  incorporated January 2000
• Board of Directors
• AAAS (Science),Academic Press (Harcourt), AIP,
  ACM, Blackwell Science, Elsevier Science, IEEE,
  Kluwer, Nature, OUP, Springer, Wiley
• Fees, member terms, technical infrastructure and
  standards established See http//www.crossref.or
  g

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What problem does CrossRef solve?
15 bilateral relationships
6 network relationships
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What is CrossRef?

• A neutral, non-profit, independent membership
  organization
• Members publishers of original scholarly
  material
• Users publishers and any organization creating
  links to full text articles
• No need for bilateral linking agreements
• CrossRef System makes broad-based linking
  efficient and manageable

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CrossRefs aims

• Purpose 1 Enable persistent links from primary
  article references to the cited articles at other
  publishers sites
• Purpose 2 Maximize links to full text articles
  from all information resources
• Purpose 3 Enable links between all types of
  scholarly content (conference proceedings, books,
  encyclopedias, patents, etc)

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Current Status

• 68 Member publishers (60 are non-profit)
• Metadata deposited for 2.7 million articles from
  6100 journals 2,735,247 records in CrossRef MDDB
  as of Mon Mar 5 005220 EST 2001
• System went live in June 2000 thousands of
  journals with links (Elsevier, Academic Press,
  Wiley, Springer, Blackwell Science)
• 3 million articles in 2001
• 0.5-1 million new articles per year

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Current Status metadata depositors
Elsevier Science John Wiley Sons, Inc. American Physical Society Academic Press The University of Chicago Press IEEE Institute of Physics Springer-Verlag AIP Blackwell Science Taylor Francis Ltd International Union of Crystallography American Society for Biochemistry Molecular Biol American Psychological Association OUPJOURNALS The Royal Society of Chemistry SCIENCE Nature Publishing Group PNAS Acoustical Society of America MAIK Mosby, Inc. American Vacuum Society W.B. Saunders American Mathematical Society Churchill Livingstone American Society of Plant Physiologists Munksgaard Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Turpion Ltd. The Royal Society Geological Society of America SOR Portland Press Ltd. American Society of Civil Engineers SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engin ASME International World Scientific American Association of Physicists in Medicine American Association of Physics Teachers Biomedical Engineering Society Pion Ltd. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Electrochemical Society Lippincott Williams Wilkins American Geophysical Union American Chemical Society NRC Research Press American College of Medical Physics Institution of Electrical Engineers
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CrossRef System - Components

• Persistent Identifiers
• Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) http//www.doi
  .org
• Standardized Metadata
• XML DTDhttp//www.crossref.org
• Resolution System (to get from Identifiers to
  Content)
• DOI/Handle Systemhttp//www.handle.net

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The Article Identifier

• Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• unique, persistent, NISO standard
• DOI System routes a DOI to a URL registered by
  publisher (and it can do a lot more besides)
• With a DOI -
• linker doesnt need to know publishers linking
  algorithms/systems
• if a publisher changes their URLs (or a journal
  moves to another publisher), DOI-enabled links
  will still work
• article is guaranteed to be online (only articles
  online get DOIs)

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DOI resolutions since CrossRef launch
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DOI

• DOI Problem
• how do you know what the DOI is for an article?
• CrossRef provides a database of DOIs and a DOI
  Lookup service (telephone book and directory
  assistance)

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The CrossRef Process

• Publishers deposit article metadata (including
  DOIs) in CrossRef database
• Publishers query references from articles against
  CrossRef MDDB to lookup DOIs
• Publishers use DOIs to create reference links in
  their online journals
• Users click on reference links and go to other
  Publishers site

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CrossRef Metadata
Admin Stuff DOI Batch ID - uniquely identifies
batch Time Stamp - uniquely identifies
batch Depositor - name and email for error
messages Registrant - DOI Prefix owner Content
Stuff DOI - for the DOI Directory URL - where
the DOI resolves Article Title
(optional) Author - first author last
name Publication Date - electronic/print
date Enumeration (volume, issue, page) Journal
Title, ISSN/Code
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Metadata file example
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Workflow for reference linking
3. Journal production systems export articles
with DOIs
Publisher Online Journal System
Publisher Production System
2. DOI Lookup a Journal production system
requests a DOI based on citation metadata
4. Users may request and retrieve articles via
DOI resolution system
1. Journal production systems export metadata to
MDDB as new articles are published
CrossRef MDDB
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DOI Resolution - IDF System
Online Journal 1
1. User Gets Article
2. User Clicks DOI
3. URL Returned
DOI Directory (Handle System)
End User
4. User Gets Cited Article
Online Journal 2
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Business Rules/Governance

• CrossRef Membership
• Provide full bibliographic citation for incoming
  DOI links (response page)
• many publishers will give free abstracts
• information on acquiring article (pay online,
  document delivery, subscription)
• Access to abstracts and full text controlled by
  publishers - business model neutral
• CrossRef guarantees links

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CrossRef Fees

• Principles
• operate on a cost recovery basis
• fees should be related to system usage
• no charges to end users to click links
• flexibility
• Fees
• Members Annual Membership, Deposit, Retrieval
  (one-time for each DOI looked up)
• Affiliates Annual Admin Fee, Retrieval
• See http//www.crossref.org

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Issues for the Future

• Multiple Resolution
• one DOI one URL is starting point
• multiple locations and multiple files
• Appropriate Copy Issue (a.k.a
  Contextualization)
• Prototype with libraries (DLF, CNRI, IDF)
• http//www.niso.org/CNRI-mtg.html
• Access to Non-subscribed Content
• Archive Repositories (JSTOR, ADS)

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Conclusion I

• CrossRef is a milestone
• Without CrossRef broad-based linking is not
  feasible (high costs, business issues and
  technical problems)
• DOIs and Metadata lay the groundwork for more
  sophisticated linking (URLs dont)
• CrossRef is a vehicle for publishers to work with
  libraries and others

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Conclusion II

• Publishers need
• excellent, easy-to-use CrossRef system
• technical support and information
• Users want
• lots of links (to content and services)
• personalized/localized links
• easy (not necessarily free) access to full text
• More work to do

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URLs

• CrossRef http//www.crossref.org
• DOI http//www.doi.org

Richard OBeirneBlackwell Publishing richard.ob
eirne_at_blacksci.co.uk