Body Structure

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Body Structure

• Chapter 2

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Combining Forms Relating to Body Structure

• abdomin/o abdomen
• adip/o fat
• anter/o front
• caud/o tail
• cephal/o head
• chondr/o cartilage
• crani/o skull
• cyt/o cell
• dist/o away from
• dors/o back of body
• epitheli/o epithelium
• hist/o tissue
• infer/o below
• later/o side

• medi/o middle
• muscul/o muscle
• neur/o nerve
• organ/o organ
• oste/o bone
• pelv/o pelvic
• poster/o back
• proxim/o near to
• somat/o body
• spin/o spine
• super/o above
• system/o system
• thorac/o chest
• ventr/o belly
• viscer/o internal organ

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Prefixes Relating to Body Structure

• epi- above
• inter- between
• intra- within
• peri- around or about
• post- behind or after
• retro- behind or backward
• sub- under or below
• supra- above
• trans- through or across

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Prefixes Relating to Body Structure

• post- behind or after
• retro- behind or backward
• sub- under or below
• supra- above
• trans- through or across

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Anatomic Reference Systems

• These are used to describe location and function
  of body parts
• They include
• Body planes
• Body directions
• Body cavities
• Structural units

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• Anatomy is the study of the structures of the
  body
• Physiology is the study of the functions of these
  structures

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Anatomic Position

• Standing
• Facing forward
• Holding the arms at the sides
• Turning the hands with the palms toward the front

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Body Planes

• Vertical plane an up and down line at a right
  angle to the horizon.
• Sagittal plane is any vertical plane parallel to
  the midline that divides the body into unequal
  left and right portions.

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Midsagittal plane or midline the vertical plane
that divides the body into equal right and left
halves
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• Coronal plane or frontal plane any vertical
  plane, at right angles to the sagittal plane that
  divides the body into anterior and posterior
  portions.

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Figure 2.16   Planes of the body.
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Figure 2.17   Directional terms.
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Terms for Describing Body Position

• Superior or cephalic More towards the head, or
  above another structure
• Inferior or caudal More towards the feet or
  tail, or below another structure
• Anterior or ventral More towards the front or
  belly-side of the body

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Terms for Describing Body Position

• Posterior or dorsal More towards the back or
  spinal cord side of the body
• Medial Refers to the middle or near the middle
  of the body or the structure
• Lateral Refers to the side

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Terms for Describing Body Position (cont.)

• Apex Tip or summit of an organ
• Base Bottom or lower part of an organ
• Proximal Located nearer to the point of
  attachment to the body
• Distal Located farther away from the point of
  attachment to the body
• Superficial More towards the surface of the body

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Terms for Describing Body Position (cont.)

• Deep Further away from the surface of the body
• Supine The body lying horizontally and facing
  upward
• Prone The body lying horizontally facing
  downward

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Figure 2.18  The supine position.
The prone position
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Figure 2.20  Dorsal and ventral body cavities and
their subdivisions.
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Major Body Cavities

• The dorsal cavity
• 2 parts
• Cranial cavity
• Spinal cavity
• Protects the structures of the nervous system

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Major Body Cavities The ventral cavity (3 parts)

• Thoracic cavity protects heart and lungs
• Abdominal cavity contains major organs of
  digestion
• Pelvic cavity contains organs of the
  reproductive and excretory systems

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Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

• Right and left hypochondriac regions below the
  ribs. This term also refers to someone
  excessively concerned about their health.
• Epigastric region above the stomach.
• Right and left lumbar regions refers to the
  inward curve of the spine.
• Umbilical region around the umbilicus (belly
  button).

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Figure 2.21  Anatomical divisions of the abdomen.
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Figure 2.22  Clinical divisions of the abdomen.
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Abbreviations Relating to Body Structure
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Cytology

• Cytology is the study of the formation,
  structure, function of the cells.
• Cyt means cell
• Ology means study of

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.
Figure 2.1  Examples of cells found in the human
body
Figure 2.1  Examples of cells found in the human
body.
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Surrounds protects the cell
Controls activities of the cell and helps the
cell divide
Material inside the cell membrane that is not
part of the nucleus
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Chromosomes

• The nucleus of each cell contains 46 chromosomes
  arranged into 23 pairs.

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Histology

• Histology is the study of the structure,
  composition and function of tissues.
• Stem cells (precursor cells) are cell with the
  ability to divide without limit and to form
  specialized cells. They are abundant in a fetus
  and in the cord blood of a newborn.

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Types of tissue. (A) Muscle tissue makes movement
possible. (B) Epithelial tissue forms the outer
skin and lines the internal organs of the body.
(C) Connective tissue supports and protects body
structures. (D) Nerve tissue receives stimuli and
responds to stimuli.
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Tissue

• Types of tissue are
• Epithelial epidermis of the skin and surface of
  mucous membranes
• Endothelium specialized epithelial tissue
  lining blood, lymph vessels, body cavities,
  glands, organs

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Connective Tissue

• Connective tissues support and connect other body
  tissue.
• Adipose, bone cartilage.

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Connective Tissue

• Adipose tissue provides padding, insulation,
  support and acts as nutrient reserve.
• Loose connective tissue surrounds carious organs
  and supports both nerve and blood cells.
• Blood and lymph (liquid connective tissues).

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Muscle

• Have special ability to contract and relax

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Nerve

• Specialized ability to react to stimuli and
  conduct electrical impulses.

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Organs

• Composed of several types of tissue
• Work together as a unit
• Perform special functions
• Example stomach contains
• Muscle fibers
• Nerve tissues
• Epithelial tissue

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Systems

• Composed of several organs working together in
  coordinated manner
• Perform complex functions
• Example stomach plus other digestive organs such
  as mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small
  intestines, and colon work together to break
  down, digest, and absorb food.

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Organs of the Integumentary System

• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous glands

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Figure 2.3   Organs of integumentary system.
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Organs of the Musculoskeletal System

• Bones
• Joints
• Muscles
• Tendons

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Organs of the Cardiovascular System and
Hematic System

• Heart
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
• Red blood cells
• Platelets

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Organs of the Lymphatic System

• Lymph vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Tonsils
• Thymus gland

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Organs of the Respiratory System

• Nose pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tubes
• Lungs

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Organs of the Digestive System

• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestines
• Colon

• Rectum
• Anus
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Salivary glands

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Figure 2.8   Organs of digestive system.
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Organs of the Urinary System

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

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Organs of the Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vagina

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Organs of the Male Reproductive System

• Testes
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Penis
• Prostate gland
• Seminal vesicles
• Bulbourethral gland

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Organs of theEndocrine System

• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Ovaries
• Testes

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Organs of the Nervous System

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

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Organs of the Special Senses

• Eyes
• Ears
• Tongue
• Nose

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Terms for Medical Specialties by Body System

• Integumentary Dermatology
• Musculoskeletal Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery
• Endocrine Endocrinology
• Cardiovascular (CV) Cardiology

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Terms for Medical Specialties by Body System

• Respiratory Otorhinolaryngology,
  Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery
• Hematic Hematology
• Lymphatic Immunology

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Terms for Medical Specialties by Body System
(cont.)

• Digestive Gastroenterology, Proctology
• Urinary Urology
• Female Reproductive Gynecology, Obstetrics
• Male Reproductive Urology

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Terms for Medical Specialties by Body System
(cont.)

• Nervous Neurology, Neurosurgery
• Eye Ophthalmology
• Ear Otorhinolaryngology

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