Manifest Destiny

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Manifest Destiny

• America
• Claims a Continent

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(No Transcript)
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Pre-EuropeanNative People of Texas
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Spanish Texas

• Of all Spanish provinces New Spain was the
  largest stretching from Mexico to Oregon, the
  southern coast of North American including parts
  of South Carolina and Georgia, and the Caribbean
  Islands.
• Characteristics of Spanish Colonization
• Rabid Exploitation
• __________
• __________ __________
• Native Population
• Harsh treatment
• Swept aside, enslaved or eradicated
• Imposed a new religion Roman Catholicism
• Taught native population of oppression by
  Egyptians, Romans, etc.
• Lauded attempts by rebels to cast of the chains
  of oppression
• Israel against Pharaoh
• Hebrews against Herod

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Spanish Texas

• 1680 Pueblo Revolt
• Spanish forced to retreat from __________
• Establish a more compact line along the Rio
  Grande including __________
• French trading and exploration
• 1670's La Salle and the French
• 1716 St. Denis in East Texas
• 1772 New Regulations for the Presidios
• 1800 Settlements two roads
• Settlements
• San Antonio de Bexar
• La Bahia del Espiritu Santo (Goliad)
• Nacogdoches
• Roads
• El Camino Real (Old Spanish Trail OST)
• Atascosito Road

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Spanish Texas
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Spanish Texas

• Colonizing Texas
• Safety in numbers but no numbers without
  guarantee of safety
• 1749 Apaches and Spanish agree to détente
  first attempt to settle Texas by colonists rather
  than by soldiers and priests. Ranches and
  irrigated farms along the San Antonio River
  expand in the 1750s.
• Failure
• Allegedly
• Inhospitable nature of the Great Plains and piney
  woods of East Texas
• Reasons
• __________
• __________
• Government Policies
• Advantages to foreign rivals
• Missions retarded civilian __________ growth

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Spanish Texas

• Decline of the Spanish in New Spain
• Class Conflict
• Penisulares (from Iberia) and Criollos (Spanish
  blood born in North America.
• Mestizo
• Indian
• Spain made one last attempt to populate Texas in
  1803 but it came to naught because of __________
  Politics
• Planned to import several thousand settlers in
  1804
• When that plan failed, local officials turned to
  Indians from the United States
• European Politics
• Napoleon in Europe, 1808-1814
• French control of Spain
• Confusion in New Spain peninsulares remain
  loyal to Spain criollos form new colonial
  government
• Criollos outnumber peninsulares 10-1
  peninsulares depose criollos governor which
  angers criollos

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Spanish Texas

• Rebellion and Revolution, 1810-1820
• Hidalgos rebellion of 1810
• Juan Bautista de las Casas 1811 led revolt in
  Texas (Bexar)
• Subdeacon Juan Manuel Sambrano 1811
  counter-revolt agains de las Casas
• Gutiérrez de Lara Augustus Magee 1811-1814
  support from Orleans Territory capture
  Nacogdoches and move to San Antonio where they
  are defeated at the battle of the Medina River 18
  August 1814
• Conservative rebellion on 1820

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Spanish Mexican Texas

• Constitution of 1812 restored by Ferdinand VII
  hoping to bring __________ and calm
• Revolutionaries remain active - Vicente Guerrero
• Plan de Iguala - 24 February 1821
• Called for an independent Mexico with __________
  __________
• _________ of the Catholic faith without
  toleration for other and rights and properties of
  the clergy
• Equality of Peninsulares and American Criollos
• With Spain itself turning to a constitutional
  monarchy, Agustín de Inturbide and Vincente
  Suerrero sign the Plan de Iguala
• Plan de Iguala receives widespread support and
  the viceroy signs the Treaty of Córdoba
• Treaty of Cordova - 24 August 1821
• Older and inactive revolutionaries
• New criollo chieftains formed since the death of
  Morelos
• Officers of the royal government
• Catholic church and supporters
• With Mexican independence, Spanish Texas becomes
  Mexican Texas

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Mexican Texas

• Immediately broke into two factions by late 1823
• __________ (states rights Jeffersonians of the
  early US)
• __________ (strong central government
  Federalists of the early US)
• 7 May 1824 the states of Coahuila and Texas
  combined to form Coahuila y Texas
• José Erasmo Seguín speaking for most Tejanos
  __________
• Seguín is out voted by the more populous
  Coahuilans
• 18 August 1824 National Colonization Law
• Federal Law left most details of colonization to
  the __________
• Two restrictions
• Foreigners must settle more than 30 miles from
  the coast
• Foreigners must settle more than 30 miles from an
  international border
• 03 October 1824 Constitution of 1824
• Very much like but in many respects much more
  _______ than the United States Constitution
• Emphasis on state rather than central power
  results in strong appeal to ______ in Texas

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Colonizing Texas

• Empresarios
• Austin Family
• Moses
• Stephen F.
• The Old Three Hundred
• 2nd, 3rd and 4th Grants
• Others
• Dewitt
• DeLeon
• Zavala
• Milam
• Exeter Williams
• Population increase
• 1820 total population about 2,000
• 1834 approximately 20,000 Anglos

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Colonizing TexasSlavery

• East Texas becomes an extension of the old south
  Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia
• North Texas attracts immigrants from the upper
  south Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia
• Central Texas becomes a mixture of both including
  many Tejanos

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Colonizing TexasSlavery

• Many slaveowners moved to Texas bringing slaves
  with them.
• Mexican tradition dating from 1813 stated
  slavery is forbidden forever but Mexico lacked
  the means to enforce it in Texas
• As Mexico formed national and state constitution
  from 1821 to 1827 the official stance was
  frequently __________ and __________
• Colonization Law of 1823 for Austins first
  colony
• Permitted Slavery
• Called for emancipation of slaves born in Texas
  at age 14
• National Congress of 1824
• Prohibited importation of slaves as merchandise
• Did not address slaves as property
• Colonization Law of 1824 and Constitution of 1824
  remain neutral concerning slavery

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Colonizing TexasSlavery

• State Constitution of Coahuila y Texas
• Article 13 From and after the promulgation of
  the Constitution in the capital of each district,
  no one shall be born a slave in the state, and
  after six months the introduction of slave under
  any pretext shall not be permitted.
• Arguments in favor of slavery contended that
  settlers could not be attracted unless slavery
  was protected
• José Antonio Navarro introduced a bill in the
  state legislature allowing settlers to free
  their slaves and sign them to ___ ___ indentured
  service contracts noting a lack of agricultural
  workers the bill is passed in 1828

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Colonizing TexasSlavery

• 16 September 1829 President Vicente Guerrero
  emancipates all slaves in the Republic of Mexico
  in honor of Mexicos __________ __________
• Ramón Múzquiz the political chief at San
  Antonio appeals for Texas __________
• Governor of Coahuila y Texas approves the
  __________ an forwards it to President Guerrero
  exempts Texas from emancipation on 2 December

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Early Symptoms of Rebellion

• Mier y Terán
• Inspection tour of Texas 1828-1829
• Evidence of Mexicos increasingly precarious hold
  on Texas
• If the colonization contracts of Texas by North
  Americans are not suspended, and if the
  conditions of the establishments are not watched,
  it is necessary to say that the province is
  already definitely delivered to the foreigners.
• Attempted Spanish at Tampico temporarily disrupts
  Mexican response to Teráns report

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Early Symptoms of Rebellion

• Law of 6 April 1830
• Prohibited _____________ from the United States
• Ended all ______________ contracts not fulfilled
• Outlawed bringing slaves into Mexico under any
  guise
• Called for the collection of customs duties on
  imports and exports (from which Texas settlers
  had been exempt since an act of 29 September
  1823.
• Mexican official see these steps as necessary to
  ensure continued control of their province
• __________ in Texas considered it an insult with
  potentially disastrous consequences
• __________ disagreed with the government intent
  on developing their own province the Tejanos did
  not approve of ending immigration from the United
  States
• While it turned the Anglos (Texians) against the
  national government of Mexico it did not cause
  serious problems between the __________ and the
  __________

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Early Symptoms of Rebellion

• The Representacion dirijida por el ilustre
  ayuntamiento de la Ciudad de Bexar.
• This document written between 6 and 19 December
  1832 by the ayuntamiento of San Antonio was the
  only public statement of major issues affecting
  Texas and the Tejanos misgivings about the
  centralist government.
• Issues
• neglect by the national and state __________
• prohibition against __________ by North Americans
• physical __________ between the citizens of Texas
  and Saltillo
• lack of a local __________
• lack of __________
• __________ military presence
• __________ rule within Texas
• After being prepared by forty-nine Bejarenos
  seven members signed the document and it was sent
  to Goliad, Gonzales, Nacogdoches and San Felipe
  for endorsement. These Tejanos were seeking
  their rights and privileges as Mexican citizens
  something very akin to what the citizens of the
  thirteen English North American colonies had done
  prior to 1775.

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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• President of Mexico eleven times never more
  than 2½ years
• Opportunist
• Originally a Federalist many colonists supported
  Santa Anna Texians and Tejanos supported his
  move during and after the Anahuac/Velasco
  incident of 1832
• 3 January 1833 took over national government
  from Bustamente elected president 3 months later
  by Mexican states

• Allowed his vice president Gómez Farías to
  introduce liberal reforms for two years
• Once Santa Anna determines that the military and
  religious leaders are against liberal reforms of
  Farías, Santa Anna becomes a centralist, wins
  the support of the military and clergy and
  acquires absolute power in April 1835
• Discharged the existing congress, refilling it
  with centralists subject to him
• Abolished the Constitution of 1824 which he
  formerly supported and championed
• Eradicated the states replacing them with
  departments run by officials whom he appointed
• By October 1835, Santa Anna is seen as
  all-powerful

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Rebellion in Mexico
On April 12, 1834, the Jalisco Legislature
invited the states of Querétaro, Guanajuato, San
Luis Potosí, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas,
Tampico and Durango to form a coalition to defend
themselves against the Federal rule of General
Antonio López de Santa Anna. During that summer,
a mob of about sixty to eighty men, through
intimidation and threats, persuaded the leaders
of Guadalajara to resign. Through such
manipulation, the Federal Government kept Jalisco
under heel.
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Revolution in Mexico
On May 11, 1835, the Zacatecas militia, under the
command of Francisco Garcia, was defeated at the
Battle of Guadalupe by the Federal forces of
General Santa Anna. Soon after this victory,
Santa Anna's forces ransacked the city of
Zacatecas and the rich silver mines at Fresnillo.
In addition to seizing large quantities of
Zacatecan silver, Santa Anna punished Zacatecas
by separating Aguascalientes from Zacatecas and
making it into an independent territory.
Aguascalientes would achieve the status of state
in 1857. The loss of Aguascalientes and its rich
agricultural terrain would be a severe blow to
the economy and the spirit of Zacatecas.
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Rebellion in Mexico
On January 17, 1840, a constitutional convention
was held at the Oreveña Ranch near Laredo the
convention decided that the Mexican states of
Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas would
withdraw themselves from Mexico and would form
their own federal republic with Laredo as the
capital. The short-lived republic was defeated a
short eight months later by Mexican forces and
forced to return to the Mexican Republic.
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Rebellion in Mexico
In 1840, the local Congress approved a
declaration of independence of Yucatán. Governor
Santiago Méndez blocked it saying that Yucatán
would again recognize the rule of the central
government in Mexico City if the Mexican
Constitution of 1824 were reinstated. Santa Anna
refused to recognize Yucatán's independence and
Governor Méndez ordered all Mexican flags removed
from Yucatecan buildings and shipping in favor of
the flag of the "sovereign nation of the Republic
of Yucatán." The Yucatecan Constitution was
modeled in part on the 1824 Mexican Constitution
and the Yucatán state constitution of 1825. Santa
Anna barred Yucatecan ships and commerce in
Mexico and ordered Yucatán's ports blockaded and
in 1843 he sent an army to invade Yucatán. The
Yucatecans defeated the Mexican force, but the
loss of economic ties to Mexico hurt Yucatecan
commerce. Governor Miguel Barbachano used the
victory as a time to negotiate with Santa Anna's
government from a position of strength. Yucatán
agreed to rejoin Mexico so long as various
assurances of right to self-rule and adherence to
the 1825 Constitution within the Peninsula were
observed by Mexico City. The treaty
reincorporating Yucatán into Mexico was signed in
December 1843.