The Brain

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Chapter 14

• The Brain

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Medulla Oblongata

• Regulates heartbeat and respirations
• Blood vessel diameter
• Decussation
• Reflexes
• Swallowing
• Vomiting
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Hiccuping

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The Pons

• Relays impulses
• Pneumotaxic area
• Apneustic area

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

• Extends from the upper spinal cord up to the
  lower diencephalon.
• Helps maintain consciousness.
• Arouses the cerebral cortex to wake us up.
• Aids in muscle tone.
• Acts as a filter for extraneous sights and sounds.

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Midbrain

• Movements of the eyeballs
• Visual reflex
• Auditory reflex

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Thalamus

• Sensory relay system
• Interprets pain, temperature, light touch and
  pressure sensations.
• Some function in emotions and memory.

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Functions of the Hypothalamus

• Controls autonomic system smooth muscles,
  cardiac muscle, glands.
• Visceral sensory impulses
• Controls pituitary
• Mind over body phenomena
• Feelings of rage and aggression
• Controls body temperature
• Regulates food intake satiety center
• Thirst center control of kidneys
• Maintains waking state
• Biological rhythms / circadian rhythms

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Regions of the Thalamus

• Epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and
  the habenular nuclei. Pineal secretes melatonin.
  Nuclei have emotional responses to odors.
• Subthalamus help to control body movements.
• Circumventricular organs monitor chemical
  changes in the blood. Coordinate homeostatic
  activities.

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Functions of the Cerebellum

• Muscle Tone
• Posture
• Equilibrium
• Smooth coordinated movements
• Predicting a future body position

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Lobes of the Cerebrum

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Limbic
• Insula

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Basal Ganglia

• Includes globus pallidus, putamen and cuadate
  nuclei.
• Help to regulate initiation and termination of
  movements.
• Control subconscious movements of skeletal
  movements.
• Laughing.
• Area is affected by Parkinsons disease and may
  play a role in obsessive compulsive disorders
  anxiety and schizophrenia.

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The Limbic System
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Functions of the Limbic System

• Short term memory
• Emotions pleasure and pain rage, tameness,
  affection, docility, anger, fear, sorrow, and
  sexual feelings.
• Hippocampus plays a role in depression and is the
  major section to move memories from short term to
  long term.

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Brodemanns Classification
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The Insula

• A triangular brain area of the cerebrum beneath
  the other major lobes.
• Integrates cerebral activities
• Some function in memory

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Brodemanns sites to learn

• Primary visual area
• Visual association
• Somatosensory area
• Primary sensory area
• Primary motor area
• Wernickes area
• Brocas area

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More on Brodemanns

• Gustatory area
• Primary auditory area
• Auditory association area
• Prefrontal lobe

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The EEG

• Alpha relaxing
• Beta thinking
• Theta stress
• Delta deep sleep

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Cranial Nerves
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Terms

• Concussion
• Contusion
• Aphasia
• CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
• TIA (transient ischemic attack)
• Alzheimers disease
• Agnosia
• Apraxia

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More Terms

• Delirium
• Dementia
• Senility
• Encephalitis
• Lethargy
• Stupor
• Ataxia