Body Defense and Immune Response

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Body Defense and Immune Response

• Chapter 28

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Outline

• Lymphatic system anatomy
• Nonspecific and Specific defenses
• Cell mediated and humoral immunity
• AIDS
• Antibodies and Vaccination

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Outline

• Lymphatic system anatomy
• Antigens and antibodies
• Lymph, lymph vessels, lymphatic capillaries,
  collecting vessels, lymphatic ducts, lymph nodes,
  spleen, bone marrow, thymus, thymocytes, Peyters
  patches

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Parotid nodes
Internal jugular vein
Submaxillary nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Right lymphatic duct
Left subclavian vein
Right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Thymus
Mediastinal lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatics of breasts
Cisterna chyli
Superficial lymphatics of upper limb
Superficial lymphatics of lower limb
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Fig. 28-2, pg 850
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Tissue cells
Flapper valves
Endothelial cells
Interstitial fluid
Lymph flow
Arterioles
Smooth muscle
Lymph capillaries
From heart
Blood capillaries
Endothelial cells
Tissue cells
Venules
Interstitial fluid
To heart
To venous system
Fig. 28-1, pg 849
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Fig. 28-3, pg851
Platelets
Pre T Lymphocyte
Red blood cell
Granulocyte
B-lymphocyte
Stem cell
Marrow
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
Junctions between reticular cells
Trabecula
Germinal center with proliferating B-Lymphocytes
Cortical sinus
Bundle of reticular microfibrils
Cords
Medullary sinus
Capillary networks
Macrophage
Subcapsular sinus
Cortex
Paracortical region
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Medulla
B-Lymphocyte
Lymphoid parenchyma
Fig. 28-8, pg 854
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Dense collagenous capsule with elastic fibers
and smooth muscle
Venous sinuses
Spleen
Trabecula
Cords of red pulp
White pulp
Hilus
Artery
Penicillar arteriole
Trabecular artery and vein
Vein
SPLEEN
Fig. 28-8, pg854
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M cell
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
Epithelial cell
Follicle-associated epithelium
Villi
Submucosa
Lymph follicle
Germinal center
Muscularis
Fig. 28-6, pg853
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White Blood Cellspgs. 540-544

• Leuko-cyte white cell
• Nucleated cells
• Granulated/nongranulated (vesicles)
• Named by staining
• Classified by nuclear shape and granulation

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Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
fig. 17-14 pg 540
Combined white blood cell count 7000-10,000/ ?l
10 to 14 ?m Neutrophill 50 - 70
10 to 14 ?m Eosinophil 1 - 5
10 to 14 ?m Basophil 0 - 1
15 to 20 ?m Monocyte 1 - 6
8 to 10 ?m Lymphocyte 20 - 40
Most numerous, motile, phagocytic, dead cells
form pus, contain hydrolytic enzymes
Less motile, less phagocytic, activated by
antibodies found in connective tissue, contain
oxidases and peroxidases
Rare,contain heparin and histamine
Many types T and B, become specialized in thymus
Largest, live in liver/lung/stomach Phagocytize
and digest bacteria Become macrophages
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Capillary or small venule
Marginated neutrophils
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Cell death, tissue damage, microbial
invasion, release of chemotactic factors by
other cells.
fig. 17-15 pg 541
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1. Neutrophil encounters and engulfs
bacteria. 2. Phagosome forms around
bacteria. 3. Degranulation of lysosomes to
form digestive vacuole. 4. Bacterial lysis
by digestive enzymes. 5. Dispersement of
phagosome in cytosol. 6. Neutrophil lysis.
Bacteria
Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes
Nucleus
Neutrophil
Phagosome
fig. 17-16a pg 542
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Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell
(Colony Forming Units) Myeloid Progenitor Cells
CFU-Eo
CFU-Ma
CFU-GM
CFU-M
CFU-G
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Promonocytes
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Esinophilic myelocyte
Basophilic metamyelocyte
Neutrophilic myelocyte
Monocytes
Basophilic metamyelocyte
Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
Neutrophilic metamyelocyte
Bands
Bands
Bands
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
fig. 17-17a pg 543
In tissue macrophages
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Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Lymphoid Progenitor Cell
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Memory B cells
Plasma cells
CD8
CD4
Antibodies
fig. 17-17b pg 543
T8 Memory cell
T8 Suppressor cell
T8 Cytotoxic cell
TH1 Inflammatory cell
TH2 Helper cell
TH3 cell
T4 Memory cell
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Outline

• Nonspecific defenses
• Interferons, complement, inflammation, lysozyme,
  neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

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Outline

• Interferons
• small proteins with antiviral activity, produced
  by fibroblasts
• Type I single chain alpha, beta, tau, omega
• Work by triggering healthy cells to produce
  antiviral enzymes
• Type II dimer gamma, produced by T cells and
  natural killer cells
• Complement
• Set of 20 plasma proteins that promote microbial
  lysis

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Inflammatory Response

Fig. 24.2
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PATHOGENS INVADE TISSUES
Cells injured
Release histamine and other substances
Blood vessels dilate
Capillaries become more permeable
Phagocytes migrate to region
Increased blood flow to area
Antibodies pass from blood into inflamed area
Pain
Edema
Phagocytosis
Release endogenous pyrogens
Brings needed phagocytes, nutrients,
and antibodies
Increased temperature
Redness
Systemic response
Fever
Fig. 28-11, pg 857
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Capillary or venule
2
1
3
Area of tissue damage
Fig. 28-12, pg858
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Lysozyme in tears and other secretions
Mucus
Cerumen
Saliva
Cilia lining trachea
Airway turbulence
Sebum and sweat on skin, dessication, desquamation
Acid in stomach
Commensal organisms on skin and in gut
and genitourinary tract
Proteolytic enzymes mucus
Genitourinary secretions fluid flow
Fig. 28-9, pg855
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Outline

• Specific defenses
• Macrophages, T cells, CD4/T4 (cytotoxic/suppress
  or), CD8/T8(helper/memory), class I MHC, class II
  MHC, immumocompetentcy, interleukins

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Specific ImmunityT Cells cell mediated immunity

• Macrophages present antigens to T cells
• T cells form in the marrow and mature in the
  Thymus
• Surface markers differentiate them

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Thyroid gland
Trachea
Thymus
Right lung
Left lung
Base of the heart
Fig. 28-4, pg 851
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Left lobe
Right lobe
Thymic capsule
Septae
Pre-T cell
Lobule
Reticular cell
Cortex
Helper cell
Thymus
Lobule
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Medulla
Fig. 28-5, pg852
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Specific ImmunityT Cells cell mediated immunity

• Macrophages present antigens to T cells (APCs)
• CD8/T8 (class I MHC)
• Cytotoxic T cells
• Suppressor T cells
• CD4/T4 class II MHC
• Helper T cells
• Memory T cells

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IL-1
Digestion
Resting T lymphocyte
Antigenic peptide
Macrophages and T cells Work together to
create Helper T cells
Bacteria
CD28
Lysome
Activation
Activated T4 helper THO
Class II MHC
CD80
Clonal
Memory T cells
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
Differentiation
IL-12
Expansion
Macrophage
Activated T helper T 1
IFN-
Activation
Phagocytosis
Production of tumor necrosis factor, nitric
oxide, hydrogen peroxide
Increased destruction of intracellular bacteria
and some viruses
Fig. 28-15, pg861
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Activated T4 helper TH1
Antigen-presenting cell
Antigenic peptide
Digestion
IL-2
Resting T8 lymphocyte
Viral protein
CD28
Class I MHC and antigen
CD80
E.R. and Golgi complex
Differentiation
Clonal expansion
T8 Cytotoxic cell
T8 Suppressor cell
Cytotoxic chemicals
Kill
Fig. 28-16, pg864
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Cell surface antigen
IgE
Cytotoxic cell
Target cell
Cytotoxic actions
Lysis
Lysis
Soluble antibodies
Target cell
Fig. 2, pg867
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Cytokines and Maturation

• Intercellular messengers
• Interfereons
• Monokines
• Lymphokines
• T Cell maturation
• Reticular cells ,dendritic cells, macrophages
• Apoptosis and negative selection
• 1-4 survive immunocompetence
• Interleukins (specific cytokines)
• 1 T4 to Helper T4
• 2 Helper T4 to memory T
• 12 Helper T to Helper T1

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Immune cells

• Phagocytes
• Neutrophils- 50- 70 of leukocytes, short lived
• Monocytes-migratory cells that turn into
  macrophages, must be activated by immune signals
  to begin phagocytosis

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Bacteria
Attachment by nonspecific receptors
Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Pseudopodia
Macrophage
Repeat cycle
Degranulation of lyosome and digestion of bacteria
Release of end products (exocytosis)
Fig. 28-13, pg858
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Antigens
Antigen-sensitized T-lymphocyte
Secondary contact
Lymphokines
Tissue
Chemotaxis
Attract and stimulate
Inflammatory mediators
Degranulation
Microphage
Fig. 4, pg868
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Specific ImmunityB Cells humoral immunity

• B lymphyocytes
• Mature and become competent in the marrow
• Helper T cells secrete interleukins 4,5,10 which
  induce the release of antibodies from the B cell
• Plasma cells actively secrete abs into lymph
  and plasma
• Memory B cells-enable quicker response

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Anti- presenting cell
Digestion
Resting T4 lymphocyte
Antigenic peptide
CD28
Helper t cells activate Memory b cells and Plasma
cells
Lysosome
Activation
Class II MHC
Activated T4 helper TH0
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
Differentiation
IL-4
Activated T4 helper Th2
Antigen-presenting competent
B-lymphocyte
Memory B-cell
Differentiation and clonal
expansion
TH2
CD40
MHCII
CD40
Antibody-secreting plasma cell
IL-4-5-10
Fig. 28-18, pg869
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Antigen
Antigen-presenting cell
Memory B cells
IgE
IgE
Sensitization
Help
Primary exposure
Secondary exposure
Antigens
IgE
Fig. 1, pg866
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Anti-Antibodies
Immune complex
Complement
Attempted phagocytosis
C5a C3a
Fails
Degranulation
Chemotaxis
Tissue damage
Neutrophil
Fig. 3, pg867
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AIDS

• A. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• B. HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• 1. causes AIDS
• 2. effects
• a) virus attacks helper T-cells
• b) immune system compromised
• c) opportunistic infections then able to attack
• (1) Kaposkis sarcoma
• (2) Pneumocystis pneumonia
• (3) tuberculosis

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AIDS

• 3. retrovirus
• a) contains RNA
• b) coated virus-covered by host cell membrane
  with embedded viral proteins
• c) enzyme reverse transcriptase
• (1) in virus
• (2) reverse transcribes RNA to DNA

Figure 10.21
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AIDS

• 4. treatments
• a) treatment - NOT CURES
• b) drug combinations
• c) AZT - against reverse transcriptase
• d) protease inhibitors
• (1) very promising
• (2) works against viral enzyme
• (3) has reduced levels of HIV in infected
  individuals to nondetectable levels
• (4)requires strict regimine

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AIDS

• 5. transmission
• a) virus in semen, vaginal secretions, blood, and
  breast milk
• b) sexual contact - high risk behaviors
• (1) anal intercourse
• (2) vaginal intercourse
• (3) oral sex
• (4) other acts that share body fluids
• c) sharing needles/drug works
• d) across placenta from infected mother

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AIDS

• e) blood transfusion
• However--
• very rare today in U.S.
• screening
• blood tested for antibodies to HIV (and other
  pathogens)
• screening of donors
• heat treatment
• destroys virus

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Outline

• Antibodies and Vaccination
• Structure, immunoglobins G/A/M/D/E, plasma cells,
  memory B cells
• Active and passive immunity
• Self recognition and auto immune diseases
• Primary and secondary responses

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• Antibodies and Vaccination
• Structure, immunoglobins G/A/M/D/E

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Binding sites
Antigenic determinants
Light chain
Hinge region
Variable portion
Disulfide bonds
RCB
Constant portion
Carbohydrate
Antigen A
Heavy chain
FcBinding site
Antibody A
Antigen-antibody complex (agglutinated RBC)
Fig. 28-17, pg865
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Passively administered homologous antibody (e.g.
gamma-globulin)
Actively induced antibody
Degree of protection (Antibody titer)
2 response
1 response
Antigen
Antigen
Antigen or antibody
Time/weeks
Fig. 28-19, pg870
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III. Specific Responses

• D. Primary Immune Response
• 1. first exposure to antigen
• 2. involves both humoral and cell-mediated
  immunity
• 3. primary response slow
• 4. disease symptoms from invader result
• 5. chemical calls to arms
• interferon-viral attack

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III. Specific Responses

• D. Secondary Immune Response
• 1. Subsequent exposure to antigen
• 2. both humoral and cell-mediated response
  involved
• 3. much faster response against antigen
• 4. no disease symptoms

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III. Specific Responses

• E. Immunization
• 1. Active immunity
• a) vaccine antigen
• (1) inactive virus
• (2) other antigen
• b) induces primary response
• c) primed for secondary response
• 2. passive
• a) antibodies from another source collected and
  used
• (1) snakebite
• horses given venom antibodies derived from blood
• (2) breast feeding

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Capillary
Thymic capsule
Subcapsular reticular cells
Reticular cell
Dendritic cell
Reticular fibers
Macrophage
Cortex
Medulla
Fig. 28-14, pg860