Solutions and other mixtures

1

• Solutions and other mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures
• Mixture combo of more than one pure substance.
• Solution homogeneous mixture of two or more
  pure substances uniformly spread out.
• Heterogeneous mixture is NOT uniformly spread
  out. (Hetero- different)
• Ex
• Suspensions mixture that when shaken is
  uniform, until particles separate into layers.
• ex oil water, Italian dressing.

2

• Colloid mixture that does not settle out b/c
  particles are so small.
• a. ex gelatin, egg whites, paints, blood,
  smoke, fog
• b. emulsion colloid in which liquids that
  normally do not mix are spread throughout each
  other. (they do mix) (cream)
• Homogeneous mixtures uniformly spread out.
• Solution
• Solute substance that dissolves.
• Solvent substance that does the dissolving.
• Salt water salt (solute) water
  (solvent)

3

• Dissolving Concentration
• Dissolving process
• Solute with larger surface area dissolve faster.
• Shaking/stirring a solution solute dissolve
  quicker.
• Solutes dissolve faster when the solvent is hot
  -gt particles move faster when heated.
• Concentration the quantity of solute dissolved
  in a given quantity of solution.
• Unsaturated solution solution that is able to
  dissolve more solute.
• Saturated solution solution that cannot
  dissolve any more solute at the given conditions.

4

• Solubility greatest quantity of a solute that
  will dissolve in a given quantity of a solvent to
  produce a saturated solution.
• Supersaturated solution a solution holding more
  dissolved solute than is specified by its
  solubility at a given temperature.
• Acids, Bases, and pH
• Acids substance that donates hydrogen ions, H,
  to form hydronium ions, H3O, when dissolved in
  water.
• Taste sour gt citric acid in fruits.
• Acids turn litmus red.
• All acids conduct electricity when in water.

5

• H H2O gt H3O (ionized)
• Strong vs. weak
• Strong acid fully ionized in water.
• weak acid not fully ionized in water does
  not conduct electricity as well as strong
  acids.
• Strong acids HCl hydrochloric acid
• H2SO4 sulfuric acid
• HNO3 nitric acid
• Weak acids CH3COOH acetic acid
  (vinegar) C6H8O7 citric acid

6

• Bases substance that contains hydroxide ions,
  OH-, or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.
• Taste bitter are slippery.
• Bases turn litmus blue.
• Bases also can conduct electricity
• Strong vs. Weak
• Strong fully ionizes in water.
• Weak not fully ionizes in water.
• Strong bases KOH Potassium hydroxide
• NaOH sodium hydroxide
• CA(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
• Weak Bases NH3 ammonia

7

• pH measure of the hydronium ion concentration
  in a solution.
• Ranges from 0 to 14.
• pH 7 is neutral, means concentration of hydronium
  ions H3O, concentration of hydroxide ions OH-.
• pH lt 7 gt acidic.
• Concentration of H3O is greater than
  concentration of OH-.
• pH gt 7 gt basic.
• Concentration of OH- is greater than
  concentration of H3O.

8

• Neutralization reaction rxn in which hydronium
  ions from an acid and hydroxide ions from a base
  react to produce water molecules and a salt.
• Ex
• HCl NaOH gt NaCl H2O
• acid base salt water