Carbon and Molecular Diversity

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Carbon and Molecular Diversity

• An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• Compounds containing Carbon are said to be
  Organic
• The study of carbon compounds is called Organic
  Chemistry
• Organic compounds come in a wide range of shapes
  and sizes

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Electron Configuration

• Carbon has 6 electrons 1s2 2s2 2p2
• 1st shell 2 e-
• 2nd shell 4 e-
• valence e- 4
• Carbon readily forms covalent bonds in order to
  share its 4 valence e-

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Spatial Arrangement

• The spatial arrangement of atoms determines the
  function of organic molecules
• Organic molecules are 3-D
• Single bonds between carbon atoms allow for
  rotation and flexibility
• Carbon chains form the skeleton of organic
  compounds

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Hydrocarbons

• Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and
  hydrogen Hydrocarbons
• The simplest of organic molecules
• Ex. Ethane, Cyclohexane
• Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because their bonds
  are NON-POLAR

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Isomers

• Compounds with the same molecular formula but
  different structure and therefore different
  properties
• As the number of carbon skeletons increase, the
  number of possible isomers also increases.

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3 Types of Isomers

• 1. STRUCTURAL Differ in the arrangement of the
  covalent bonds
• ex. Butane Isobutane

Isobutane
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2. GEOMETRIC different spatial arrangement

• Double bonds are not flexible - they restrict
  rotation
• Subtle differences in shape can greatly affect
  the biological activities of an organic compound

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3. STERIOISOMERS mirror images of each other

• Some are more effective than others
• Usually only one works
• Important to the pharmaceutical industry

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Functional Groups

• Functional groups are certain groups of atoms
  that are frequently attached to Carbon skeletons
• They are the regions of organic molecules that
  are involved in chemical reactions
• All 6 are Hydrophillic - they increase the
  solubility of organic compounds in water
• They behave consistently from molecule to molecule

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1. Hydroxyl -OH Group

• Polar - Oxygen is electronegative
• Soluble in water
• Helps dissolve organic compounds
• Compounds containing -OH are called alcohols
• There specific name ends in -ol

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• R- replaces the carbon backbone
• -OH the functional hydroxyl group

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2. Carbonyl-Group

• Carbon joined to oxygen in a double bond
• Very polar and reactive
• Aldehyde carbonyl group at the end of a carbon
  skeleton
• Ketone carbonyl group is NOT at the end of a
  carbon skeleton

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Aldehyde
Ketone
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3. Carboxyl- Group

• Forms organic acids (Carboxylic acids)
• They dissociate readily to release H

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4. The Amino Group

• Consists of a Nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen
  atoms and to the carbon skeleton
• Organic compounds with this functional group are
  called Amines

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An Amino Acid
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Amino Acid Glycine

• What other functional group is present?
• Therefore, glycine is both an amine and a
  carboxylic acid
• Glycine is an Amino Acid, a building block for
  proteins

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5. The Sulfhydryl Group

• A sulfur atom is bonded to an atom of hydrogen
• Organic compounds containing a sulfhydryl are
  called Thiols, they help stabilize proteins

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6. The Phosphate Group

• Phosphate is an anion formed by the dissociation
  of an inorganic acid called phosphoric acid H3PO4
• The loss of H ions gives the phosphate a negative
  charge

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Properties of Organic Molecules

• Distinctive properties depend on
• Arrangements of the carbon skeleton
• molecular components attached
• location and number of the double bonds

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Put in Your NOTECARDS

• 1. The Functional Group Name (6)
• 2. The General Formula of the Functional Group
• 3. Examples of molecules that contain those
  functional groups
• 4. Properties of molecules having those
  functional groups
• 1 notecard for each functional group is fine (6
  cards total)