Unit 1: Scientific Process, Life Characteristics, Unity and Diversity

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Unit 1 Scientific Process, Life
Characteristics, Unity and Diversity

• Ms. Sharpe
• Regents Biology
• Name ____________________

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Scientific Process

1. Have a ____________ about nature?
2. Make a _______________ (educated guess)
3. Distinguish between the controls (______________)
   and the variable (should be only one variable in
   a well ____________ experiment)
4. Collect _______ and organize it into a table and
   maybe into a graph.
5. Make a ___________________ based on data
   collected.

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When designing an Experiment

• Make your population large enough that a
  ____________ conclusion can be drawn.
• Make sure you only have _________ variable in the
  experiment. This should be the factor you are
  testing for.
• Make sure there are MEASURABLE ____________that
  you are collecting to analyze.

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Parts of the Experimental SetupVariables

• The variable that I manipulate in the
  experiment is the _____________________ variable.
• The variable that changes due to the independent
  variable is the ____________________ variable.

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Parts of the Experimental SetupControl Group
vs. Experimental Group

• _____________ group is the group which has the
  factor you are testing for.
• __________________ group is the group which is
  not getting the factor you are testing for.

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Question Does adding iron increase the plant
growth?

• Hypothesis If you add iron to a plant, then it
  will grow larger.
• Procedure Place 2 genetically identical plants
  in the same room at the same temperature, provide
  sunlight and soil, but one plant will get 1
  tablespoon of iron added to its water each week
  and the other will ___________. Measure the
  growth of each plant every 3 days for two weeks.
• Independent variable? _____________________
• Dependent variable? ______________________
• Constants? ________ and _________ and ______
• Control group? Experimental group?

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Lets Pretend We Did Thissarracenia.com

• Conclusion

• Data Table

• What do we NEED to do to make this a valid
  experiment?

• http//

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Lets Pretend We Did Thissarracenia.com

• Conclusion

• Data Table

• What do we NEED to do to make this a valid
  experiment?

• http//

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You Design an ExperimentYou are working for a
group of doctors in research. The doctors you
work for have a QuestionDoes Vitamin B
increase growth rates of developing
embryos?They suggest you use developing chicken
embryos.1.Write a hypothesisIf
___________________________________________
then,___________________________________________
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Write and Draw an Experimental Setup

• Hint chicken eggs can be placed in incubators and
  can be injected with small needles. Explain what
  measurable data you will collect. Include the
  following
• Independent variable?
• Dependent variable?
• Constants?
• Control?

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Does Vitamin B increase growth rates of
developing embryos?

• 1. Describe Procedure
• 3. Write a conclusion

• 2. Design a data table

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Notes on Biochemistry and Enzymes
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Biochemistry

• The study of the chemical reactions of living
  things is called _______________
• A substance that cannot be broken down into
  simpler substances is a called an
  ________________.
• Some examples are
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and _________________
• These elements are the most abundant in living
  things.

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Atoms and Bonding

• All elements are made up of particles called
  _______________.
• Atoms of different elements differ in the number
  of protons, neutrons, and _______________.
• When two or more different atoms combine(bond)
  this forms a ____________________.
• Example H O H2O

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Two types of Bonding

• When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become
  electrically charged particles called
  ___________.
• These ions then create an __________ bond between
  them.

• When atoms share electrons (the electrons travel
  around both atoms) they are said to be
  __________________ bonded.
• Carbon very often shares electrons with other
  atoms.

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Inorganic VS. Organic Compounds

• Both are found in __________ things.
• However, only organic compounds contain the atom
  ___________, except ______________ and
  ________________
• Examples of inorganic compounds found in cells
  are ____________, salts, carbon dioxide, and
  hydrochloric acid.

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Three different types of Organic Compounds

• 1. ____________________ are sugars and starches
  which are primarily used as a source of
  ________________.
• Contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 121
• For example ________________ is glucose
• Glucose is a _________________________
• Two monosaccharides bonded together form a
  ___________________________ such as sucrose.

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Polysaccharidesmany monosaccharides bonded
together

• _________________ found in vacuoles of plants and
  animal cells
• ___________________ found in the cell walls of
  plants
• _________________ found in the liver of animals
  for a long term source of energy when you havent
  eaten in a while.

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Polysaccharides
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Lipids (fats, waxes, and oils)

• Mainly a source of _____________ energy.
• Contain H, C, and ______ but in no particular
  ratio. Usually many hydrogen atoms.
• The _____________________ are 3 fatty acids and
  one glycerol.
• http//www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/steroids.html
• http//www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentstab
  le.html

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http//www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentsta
ble.html
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Proteins

• Contain C, H, ____ and Nitrogen
• Can be used for adding new ________________ in
  the body.
• Examples of Proteins Structural proteins,
  ________________, hormones, and antibodies.
• Building blocks of proteins are
  ___________________________

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There are 20 different Amino Acids

• ___________ Group contains nitrogen and two
  Hydrogen atoms.
• ____________ group contains carbon, oxygen and
  hydrogen.
• The ______________ is what makes the 20 different
  AA different.

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List of all 20 Amino Acids
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Carbohydrates Vs. Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Used for energy
• Have ONE building block, called _____________

• Used for _____________
• Have 20 building blocks called _______________

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Macromolecules, DNA, Genes and Chromosomes

• Large, complex organic molecules (macromolecules)
  make up the basic molecular units found in living
  organisms.
• Complex carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids

Figure 2-7
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One Very Important Protein

• ________________ regulate the rates of reactions
  in the cell and body.
• Enzymes are called __________________ because in
  general they speed up the chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are named after the ______________ they
  act on.
• Example __________________ is the enzyme that
  acts on maltose (disaccharide).

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4 Factors Influence Enzyme Action

• How much _____________ is available.
• 2. How much ______________ is available.
• 3. How high or how low the ___________ is.
• 4. How high or how low the ________ is.
• All of these factors can be visually demonstrated
  in graphs.

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How Temperature Effects Enzyme Activity

• Each enzyme has a temperature and pH at which its
  activity is greatest and the reaction it
  Catalyzes proceeds at its fastest rate.
• The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions increase
  as the temperature rises to the ____________
  temperature.
• At very high temperatures, the enzyme molecules
  become damaged or ______________. The damage is
  usually permanent.
• Remember Enzymes cannot die!

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How do pH levels effect enzyme activity?
Enzyme called catalase found in all cells.
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
___________
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Some enzymes function at a different optimal pH
Why?
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DO Now Label each X-Axis with one of the
following Enzyme Concentration, Substrate
Concentration, Temperature and pH.
Enzyme Action
Enzyme Action
Enzyme Action
Enzyme Action
?