Kingdom Plantae

1
Kingdom Plantae

• Chapter 24-27

2
I. Origin of Plants

• A. Characteristics of Plants
• 1. Multicellular
• 2. Eukaryotic have nucleus
• 3. Cell Wall
• 4. Cuticle waxy coating

3

• B. First Plants
• 1. 500 million years
• 2. Like present day moss
• 3. First soil builders
• 4. Oldest fossil is more than 400 million
  years old.

• Evolution1. Evolved from filamentous green
  algae that was found in the ancient oceans.

4

• D. Adaptations of Plants
• 1. Must conserve water on land.
• a. Covered with a protective
• waxy layer called a cuticle.
• b. Prevents the water loss due
• to evaporation into the
• atmosphere.

C. Stomata allow for gases
to leave and enter the
plant. Most always on the bottom
of the plant
5

• 2. Carry out Photosynthesis
• a. Where? the leaves!
• b. Broad, flat organ that traps light
  energy.
• c. Also exchange gases through their
  stomata.

6

• 3. Finding a water source
• a. Most plants depend on soil.
• b. Roots - an organ that absorbs water.
• 1. Two major types
• a. Tap Root
• Examples -

b. Fibrous Root Examples-
7
Examples of Roots
8

• 4. Transporting Materials
• a. Must be able to move minerals, water,
  and sugars
• b. The stem provides structural support
  and contains tissues for transport.
• 1. Vascular Plants have vessels or
  tubes that transport material.

• a. Xylem Move water and
  nutrients from roots to leaves.
  Dead material

9

• b. Phloem - composed of living cells. Takes
  sugars from leaf to other plant organs.

10

• 2. Nonvascular plants
• a. do not have tubes to transport
  materials. Materials
  move from cell to
  cell.
• b. Examples
  - mosses,
  liverworts. horsetails

11
Reproductive Strategies

• a. Adaptations to land plants include
  the evolution of spores and seeds.
• b. A seed contains an embryo, along
  with a food supply. (diploid)
• c. Spores swim through a film of
  water to reach the egg. (haploid)

12

• 4. Alternations of generations
• a. Gametophyte generation of a plant is
  responsible for the development of gametes ( sex
  cells).
• b. All gametes are haploid (n) containing
  ½ the number of chromosomes.

13

• c. Sporophyte generation is responsible for the
  production of spores.
• d. All cells of the sporophyte are diploid (2n)
  contain a whole set of chromosomes.

14
Possible Evolutionary Relationships
Cone bearers
Flowering plants
bryophytes
Fern-like
15
Bryophytes

• Examples moss
• Characteristics - Non-vascular, multicellular,
  small
• Habitat live in moist areas

16
Examples of Bryophytes
17
Life Cycle of the Bryophytes
18
Fun Facts

• Alteration of generations
• Make up peat which is a thick mass of living
  and dead plants. Peat bogs
• Sphagnum, the peat mosses are the most abundant
  plant on Earth

19
Examples of Seedless Vascular plants
20
Phylum Pterophyta

• Examples Ferns, 12,000 species today.
• Characteristics - Vascular, leaves called
  fronds, frond begins as a coiled leaf tip called
  a fiddlehead

21
(No Transcript)
22
Pterophyta Life Cycle
23
Gymnosperms (naked seed)

• Examples pines, spruce, cycads, ginkos, cedar
• NO FLOWER OR FRUIT
• Characteristics- Most are evergreen, needle like
  leaves, adapt to dry conditions, Thick cuticle
  covers the needle and prevents water loss.
• Habitat Northern Hemisphere

24
(No Transcript)
25
Phylum Coniferophyta

• Includes pine, cedar, spruce, cypress and more
• Most have needle or scale-like leaves
• Small male cones up high
• Larger female cones below

6,200 ton Sequoiadendron giganteum
26
Fun Facts

• How old is the oldest living plant on earth?
• Answer around 9,000 years old!!
• Norway spruce in sweden discovered in 2004

27
Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta

• Have a flower and a fruit
• Includes grasses, trees, flowers, fruits and
  vegetables!

28
Anthophyta divided into two classes

• Monocotyledones
• Have one seed leaf
• Leaf has parallel venation
• Ex orchids, grasses, bamboo

• Dicotyledones
• Have two seed leaves
• Leaf has net venation
• Ex beans, oaks, elms, cactuses

29
Fun Facts

• The origin of the flower is still very unknown-
  cool research area needs fossil data!
• Oldest fossil 125myo
• Archaefructus liaoningensis