to Botany

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Introduction to Botany
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Introduction to Botany

• Botany study of plants

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Introduction to Botany

• Plants-sometimes difficult to define a plant
• Algae, protist, plant????

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Introduction to Botany

• Most roots, stems and leaves
• Exceptions
• Conifers cones instead of flowers
• Spruce, pine and fir
• Cacti
• Do not appear to have leaves
• Modified leaves

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Introduction to Botany

• Scientific Method ( 3 requirements)
• 1) Information gained only through controlled
  experimentation.
• Info not accepted automatically
• Must be subject to proof
• This aspect separates science from religion

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Introduction to Botany

• Scientific Method ( 3 requirements)
• 2) Only phenomena that can be observed are
  studied
• Concepts that can never be examined are rejected

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Introduction to Botany

• Scientific Method ( 3 requirements)
• 3) All theories must be tested
• If they cannot be viewed with available means,
  they must be viewed with skepticism

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Introduction to Botany

• Scientific Method
• 7 steps
• 1. Identify problem/ ask question
• 2. Gather info./ research
• 3. Hypothesis
• 4. Experiment
• 5. Analyze and record data
• 6. Draw conclusion/ form theory
• 7. Repeat or test theory

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Introduction to Botany

• Origin and evolution of plants
• Life began 3.5 BYA
• Evolution change over time due to mutations and
  natural selection

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Introduction to Botany

• Origin and evolution of plants
• 1. Early prokaryote
• Before nuclei
• 2. Early eukaryote with nucleus
• True nuclei
• W/out chloroplasts or mitochondria
• None exist today
• DNA became surrounded by membrane

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Introduction to Botany

• Origin and evolution of plants
• 1. Early prokaryote
• 2. Early eukaryote with nucleus
• 3. Eukaryote w/ mitochondria(symbiosis)
• Ingested, but could not digest bacteria
• Bacteria absorbed food
• Leaked out high energy compounds

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Introduction to Botany

• Origin and evolution of plants
• 1. Early prokaryote
• 2. Early eukaryote with nucleus
• 3. Eukaryote w/ mitochondria(symbiosis)
• 4. Eukaryote w/ mitochondria and chloroplasts
  (symbiosis)
• Ingested but could not digest cyanobacterium
• Cyanobacterium? protected
• Leaked out carbohydrates from photosynthesis

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Introduction to Botany

• Origin and evolution of plants
• 1. Early prokaryote
• 2. Early eukaryote with nucleus
• 3. Eukaryote w/ mitochondria(symbiosis)
• 4. Eukaryote w/ mitochondria and chloroplasts
  (symbiosis)
• 5. Algae and Plants

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Introduction to Botany

• Not all organisms evolved at same rate
• Not all features of a single organism evolve at
  the same rate

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Introduction to Botany

• Not all organisms evolved at same rate
• Not all features of a single organism evolve at
  the same rate
• Relictual features-seem relatively unchanged
• Algae 1 BYO
• Ferns 150 MYO
• Conifers 120 MYO

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Introduction to Botany

• Not all organisms evolved at same rate
• Not all features of a single organism evolve at
  the same rate
• Relictual features
• Derived features-have recently evolved
• Flowering plants 90-100 MYO

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Introduction to Botany

• Kingdom Plantae
• Can have up to 17 divisions

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Introduction to Botany

• Kingdom Plantae
• Division Bryophyta
• Mosses
• Division Pteridophyta
• Ferns
• Division Coniferophyta
• Conifers ( cone bearing )
• Division Anthophyta
• Flowering plants

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Introduction to Botany

• Plant diversity
• Plants have developed characteristics that have
  adapted them to their specific habitat

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Introduction to Botany

• Plant diversity
• Over 400,000 spp
• Several hundred thousand extinct

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Introduction to Botany

• Alternative adaptations
• For any type of environment, several types of
  adaptations can be successful
• Frozen soil lack of water
• Drop leaves (deciduous trees)
• Shoots die back (bulbs stay alive underneath)
• Narrow leaves and thick cuticles (evergreens)

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Introduction to Botany

• Alternative adaptations
• For any type of environment, several types of
  adaptations can be successful
• Frozen soil lack of water
• Evergreen ? modified leaves ? needles
• Environments exist as gradients
• Not just hot-cold/ wet-dry/ etc.

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Homework

• Wednesday
• Plant Rapid Cycling Brassicas
• Thursday
• Water plants
• Quiz
• Directions for lab drawings
• Survey of Kingdom Plantae lab
• Friday
• Complete lab
• Homework review worksheet
• Monday
• Review for exam
• Tuesday
• Test