Botany

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Botany

• D.L. Mowery
• Douglass High School

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Botany

• The Study of Plants

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Kingdom Plantae

• General Characteristics
• Contain Chlorophyll a
• Multicellular
• Made up of Eukaryotic Cells
• Photosynthetic Autotrophs
• Cell Walls made of Cellulose (polysaccharide)
• Produce sugars as glucose, transport sugars as
  sucrose and store sugars as starch
  (polysaccharide)

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Adaptations

• Developed Cuticles
• Waxy, protective outer coverings which prevent
  water loss
• Developed spores/seeds for reproduction
• Developed vascular tissues for transportation of
  water and sugars
• Developed tissues to strengthen stems to overcome
  gravity

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The Classification

• Classified as Bryophytes or Tracheophytes
• Bryophytes are described as plants that lack
  xylem and phloem
• Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that
  transports water upward from the roots to the
  leaves
• Phloem is a type of vascular tissue that
  transports sugars (nutrients) from the leaves
  downward
• Tracheophytes are plants that have xylem and
  phloem

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Bryophytes

• Moss
• Reproduce through Alternation of Generations..
  the Two Generations are the Gametophyte
  Generation (n) which produces the gametes, and
  the Sporophyte Generation (2n) which produces the
  spores
• Reproduce by Spores (haploid reproductive cells)
• Lack Xylem and Phloem
• Size limited by lack of Vascular tissue

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The Life Cycle of Moss
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The Life Cycle of Moss
Gametophyte Generation (n)
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The Life Cycle of Moss
Sporophyte Generation (2n)
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Tracheophytes

• Divided into four groups
• The largest of the four groups are the
• Non-Seed Bearing Plants
• Seed Bearing Plants

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Non-Seed Bearing Tracheopytes

• Ferns
• They reproduce using spores
• Reproduce through Alternation of Generations
• Have Xylem and Phloem for transportation

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The Life Cycle of a Fern
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The Life Cycle of a Fern
¼
(n)
Gametophyte Generation (n)
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The Life Cycle of a Fern
Sporophyte Generation (2n)
Fronds
Rhizome (contains Xylem and Phloem)
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The Life Cycle of a Fern

• Underneath the leaflets of the fronds are the
  Sori (sorus sng.)
• The Sori are made up of the Sporangia

• The Sporangia are the Spore-producing structures

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Seed Bearing Plants

• Divided into two groups
• Gymnosperms (naked-seed Plants)
• Angiosperms (encased-seed plants)

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Seed Plant Life Cycle
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The Gymnosperms are

• Cycads palm-like plants

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Ginkgoes only one species remains, Ginkgo biloba
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Conifers pines, firs, redwoods, etc
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Angiosperms

• Flowering Plants
• Divided into two groups
• Monocotyledons (Monocots)
• Dicotyledons (Dicots)

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4 Differences

• Monocot
• Leaves Parrallel Veins
• Petals - multiples of 3
• Seeds 1 Cotyledon
• Vascular Monkey face

• Dicot
• Leaves Net Veins
• Petals multiples of 2 or 5
• Seeds 2 Cotyledons
• Vascular - Ring

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Venation of Leaves

• Dicots
• Venation is nettted

• Monocots
• Venation is Parallel

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Number of Petals

• Monocots
• Multiples of 3

• Dicots
• Multiples of 4 or 5

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Seasonal Adaptations

• Evergreens
• Plants that remain green year round
• Pine trees
• Deciduous
• Plants that lose all their leaves once a year
• Apple trees, grapes

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Short and Long Day Plants

• Short-day Plants Flower when the days are
  shorter than 12 hours onions, garlic.
  Chrysanthemum a Short-Day Plant

• Long-day Plants - Flower when the days are longer
  than 12 hours tomatoes, beans.

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Growth Cycles

• Annuals
• Complete their entire life cycle in one growing
  season
• Example mums
• Biennials
• Complete their entire life cycle in two growing
  seasons
• Example Broccoli
• Perennials
• Continue to grow year after year
• Example Apple trees live for 80 years.

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Stem Types

• Herbaceous Green, soft.will wilt is water loss
  is extreme. Sour grass, celery

• Woody - Brown, rigid. Will remain erect even
  after they are dead. trees

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Review of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the
process by which plants use the energy of
sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water to
form glucose and oxygen.

• Light Energy 6CO2 6H20
  C6H12O6 6O2

Reactants
Products
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Factors which Affect Photosynthesis

• Amount of available Sunlight
• Amount of available Water (rainfall)
• Amount of Carbon Dioxide
• Optimal Temperatures

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Tropisms are the responses plants have to stimuli.

• A Negative (-) response away from the stimuli
• A Positive () response toward to stimuli
• Phototropism a plants response to light
• Gravitropism a plants response to gravity
• Hyrdotropism a plants response to water
• Chemotropism a plants response to chemicals
• Thigmotropism a plants response to touch

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Phototropism a plants response to light
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Gravitropism - plants response to gravity
A Corn Root responds positively to gravity
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Thigmotropism plants response to touch
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Plant Hormones

• Cytokinins promote cell division, promotes the
  germination of dormant seeds
• Auxins promote cell elongation in stems and
  inhibit elongation in root cells
• Gibberillins promotes bolting (sudden growth)
  and cessation of dormancy

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The End