Chyby v anglictine osnova

1
Chyby v anglictine - osnova

• Basic English
• Cleny
• Pouívání casu
• Pasivní a aktivní
• Vlastní a cizí práce
• Stavba vety
• Interpunkce
• Woolly phrases
• Spojovací slova
• Respectively

• Having - being
• Výcty
• Singulár a plurál
• Teleologie
• Shluky podstatných jmen
• Císla
• Pozor na
• Významové sloveso
• Exprese a superlativy

2
Problémy pro Cecha

• Jazyk vedy a jazyk beletrie
• Basic English (3000 slov)
• Understandable English
• Cleny - pravidla - záleitost citu
• Predloky
• Casy
• English false friends

3
Nesprávné pouívání casu

• Popis vlastních metod a výsledku, prircení jinému
  autorovi
  (Novák reported that mice are ...) past
  tense
• V prítí publikaci o vlastních výsledcích
  v prítomném case vely do obecného
  povedomí
• Obecná znalost, údaje známé z literatury
  v present tense, i poukaz na neco
  The results show that genes XY were
  separately cloned ....

4
Pasivní a aktivní, osobní a neosobní

• Pasivní, neosobní popis výsledku není moderní v
  aktivním tvaru o vlastních i cizích pokusech a
  výsledcích. O vlastní práci v 1. osobe jednotného
  nebo mnoného císla dle poctu autoru publikace.
• Ne neosobne (It was decided to record ? I decided
  to record), leda e s cinností nechcete mít nic
  spolecného nebo ji delal nekdo jiný.

5
Pasivní a aktivní 2

• O cizí práci ve 3. osobe aktivne
• the vegetation was mapped by Smith ? Smith mapped
  the vegetation,
• it was observed by Krajina (1952) that... ?
  Krajina (1952) observed that
• Nesprávnost pasivního tvaru
• The mat is sat on by the dog ? The dog sat on the
  mat
• The apple is being eaten by Jane ?Jane is eating
  an apple
• Pasivní vety jsou dlouhé
• The preparation of the new cultivation media will
  be done by the technician (13 slov) The new
  cultivation media will be prepared by the
  technician (10 slov) The technician will
  prepare the new cultivation media (8 slov).
• Není-li zhotovitel duleitý
• My assistants in our laboratory reacted X with Y
  ? X was reacted with Y.

6
Správná stavba vety

• Poradí slov mení smysl
• He loved only her Miloval jenom ji He only
  loved her Jenom ji miloval Only he loved her
  Jenom on ji miloval).
• Only I tested the bell jar for leaks yesterday
  (Pouze já jsem vcera vyzkouel tesnost poklopu
  této nádoby). I only
  tested the bell jar for leaks yesterday (Já jsem
  vcera pouze vyzkouel tesnost poklopu této
  nádoby).
  I tested only the bell jar for leaks yesterday
  (Já jsem vcera vyzkouel tesnost pouze tohoto
  poklopu nádoby).
  I tested the bell jar only for leaks yesterday
  (Já jsem vcera vyzkouel pouze tesnost poklopu
  této nádoby). I
  tested the bell jar for leaks only yesterday (Já
  jsem vyzkouel tesnost poklopu této nádoby teprve
  vcera).

7
Vety, odstavce, závorky

• Ne laboratorní argon (slang).
• Formulace presné, rec jasná.
• Ne jednoveté odstavce ani nekolikastránkové
  odstavce.
• Kratí cást sloité vety má být blíe jejímu
  zacátku Our purpose was to
  determine whether the cultivar was more tolerant
  than others to nickel and to characterize the
  pathogen ? Our purpose was to characterize the
  pathogen and to determine whether the cultivar
  was more tolerant than others to nickel.
• Zacátek vety zduraznuje!
• V závorkách materiál druhotného významu. Poradí
  více závorek jako v matematice (.

8
There

• Vety zacínající there are bývají mnohomluvné
• There is a lot of care that goes into ... ? Much
  care goes into
• Tedy Nothing is wrong with a sentence beginning
  with 'There'. There are many other sentences that
  can be improved by avoiding the 'There' opening.

9
Jete o vetách

• Cárky (comma), dvojtecky (colon), stredníky
  (semicolon), pomlcky (en-dash a em-dash) a
  spojovníky (hyphen) mají usnadnit pochopení vety.
• Nesprávná interpunkce zmení význam
  The dogs, whose spleens had
  been removed, all died ( Vichni psi zemreli
  vloená veta je pripomínkou, e vem byla
  odstranena slezina).
  The dogs
  whose spleens had been removed all died ( Ti
  psi, jim byla odstranena slezina, zemreli bylo
  tedy nekolik skupin psu).
  
  Skutecný význam vet The dogs,
  whose spleens had been removed all died a The
  dogs whose spleens had been removed, all died
  nelze zjistit bez podrobnejího výkladu.

10
Vloené sdelení, spojovník

• Vloené sdelení
• He is a good scientist?or so I am told?but nobody
  believes his statements.
• em-dash () a
• (2030) nebo spojené sdelení (PragueLondon
  committee).
• Spojovníky etrit
• four poster-sessions ctyri plakátová zasedání,
  four-poster sessions sezení v posteli s nebesy
  a new
  car owner je mnohoznacné, a new-car owner
  majitel nového vozu, a new car-owner nový
  majitel vozu. Ball-like (tri stejná
  písmena), ferredoxin-like (první slovo je dlouhé).

11
Verzálky

• Po dvojtecce pouijte velké písmeno, verzálku
  (capital), následuje-li citát nebo úplná veta.
• Verzálka se neuívá v adjektivní forme (Parkinson
  disease parkinsonian tremor), pri zobecnení
  (Arabic medicine arabic numerals),
  
  nejde-li o astronomický pojem (The sun provides
  energy for photosynthesis), nebo kdy u
  pojem zobecnel (petri dish, bunsen burner).

12
Zkratky

• Zkratky prevzaté z latiny
• i.e. ( id est that is to je),
• e.g. ( exempli gratia for example
  napríklad),
• viz. namely viz oddelit cárkami.
• Sic (!) tak.

13
Woolly phrases 1

• NE First let us consider ..., Fig. 7 shows ...,
  Secondly it must be said that ... It is clear
  from consideration of Fig. 7 that ... Next it
  must be noted that ... I might add that ... As
  can bee seen from Fig. 1 ... As already stated
  ... As a matter of fact ... It should be pointed
  out that ... It is also of importance to bear in
  mind the following considerations ...
  Consideration should be given to the possibility
  of carrying into effect ... Authorities agree
  that ... It is well known that ... It is needless
  to say that ... It is noteworthy that ... It is
  recognised that ... It has long been known that
  ... It is apparent, therefore, that ... It is of
  interest to note that ... An interesting example
  which should be mentioned in this context is ...
  I have no hesitation in saying ... One other
  consideration should be mentioned ... Perhaps, at
  first sight, it may seem that ... Various
  explanations have been proposed ... We are
  repeatedly reminded of the necessity for
  consideration of ...

14
Woolly phrases 2

• Brief summarized the results mentioned above lead
  us to suggestion that ... ? Our results suggest
  that It is also of importance to bear in mind
  the following considerations (nebo) Consideration
  should be given to the possibility of carrying
  into effect ... ? Consider that
• Zdání prenechte oblasti snu X seemed to be of a
  low intensity ? X was low"..
• Vety jako It is clear that much additional work
  will be required before a complete
  understanding... problému nerozumím.

15
Spojovací slova

• Omezte na minimum spojovací slova (however,
  hence, moreover, nevertheless, on the contrary) a
  pripomínky (even, dangerously, as expected,
  unexpected).
• Mnohdy lze vynechat already, at all, basic,
  completely, currently, fairly, in order, quite,
  perfectly, rather, relatively, all of the, both
  of the.

16
Respectively

• Radeji preformulujte vetu
• The RUE prior to flowering of the 1988 hemp crops
  grown at low and high plant density was 2.20 and
  1.98 m MJ-1, respectively ? The RUE of the 1988
  hemp crops prior to flowering was 2.20 g MJ-1 for
  the crops grown at low density and 1.98 g MJ-1
  for those grown at high density.
• Nekteré vety s respectively zcela nesrozumitelné
• The concentration of Cd and Pb in the kidney and
  liver was higher in shrews than in voles by two
  orders and one order of magnitude, respectively.
• In April and May of both years fluorescence
  reached a peak value of 23, respectively during
  a six and four week period in 1991 and 1992.

17
Which vs. that

• That jen nekteré predmety, which vechny
  Alkaloids that contain X ty z alkaloidu, které
  obsahují X Alkaloids which contain X
  Alkaloidy, které obsahují X.
• Dbát na správné sledy vyjádrení
• Not only ... but also ...
• whether or ...
• on the one hand on the other hand ...
• first(ly) ... second(ly) ...

18
Having a being

• Omezit vazby s having a being.
• An efficient machine having the ability to cope
  with... ? An efficient machine that can cope
  with
• in these unusual conditions, being the opposite
  to those in...? in these unusual conditions,
  which are the opposite to those in...
• NE Our results emphasize the need for further
  studies.

19
Teleologie

• Nevyjadrujte se teleologicky.
• Pro jazykové puristy teleologické i obraty the
  results suggest,
  another possibility suggests itself,
  an experiment suggests,
  the data pointed to,
  from the standpoint of soils,
• protoe neivé veci nemohou nic naznacovat,
  ukazovat na neco, mít stanovisko.

20
Vymezení, predloky

• Since, while casové vymezení
• where místní vymezení
• who, whose osobní vymezení
• The same (stejný, shodný), similar (podobný)
• Sometimes jen, jde-li o cas.
• Spojení slov s predlokami
  different to ? different from
  superior than ? superior to
  centred around ? centred on.

21
Podstatná jména

• Kratí a více uívaná slova anglická ne
  mezinárodní.
• NE shluky podstatných jmen The desired future
  forest decision problem ? The desired decision on
  forest future. Natural organisation principles ?
  Principles of nature organisation nebo
  Organisation principles in nature
  Solar One is a 10 megawatt solar thermal electric
  central receiver Barstow power pilot plant ?Solar
  One is a solar-powered pilot plant located near
  Barstow, California. Solar One produces 10 MW of
  electric power by capturing solar energy in a
  central receiver design.
  Using a pressure
  sensitive low temperature curing glasscloth
  coating varnish... ? Using a glasscloth coating
  varnish that is sensitive to pressure and cures
  at low temperature
• Mnohosmyslné user data communication
  requirements.

22
Výcty, prídavné jméno

• Výcty three main steps cooling, chopping, and
  pulverization ? three main steps cooling,
  chopping, and pulverizing.
• Prídavné jméno tesne u podstatného jména, ke
  kterému patrí
  The doctor's large red house Doktoruv
  velký cervený dum
  The large red doctor's house
  Dum mohutného cerveného doktora!

23
Císlo, shoda

• Podstatné jméno a sloveso se musejí shodovat v
  jednotném nebo mnoném císle. In Figs. 1 and 2,
  in experiments 3 and 6.
• Slova recká nebo latinská the phenomena were
  studied. None, some, all Some of the beer was
  wasted, ale Some of the cats were fed.
• Po vazbách "or, either...or, neither...nor"
  zahrnujících dva predmety následuje sloveso v
  jednotném císle, tedy Neither oxygen nor
  nitrogen is a noble gas. Ale Neither wheat nor
  other cerals were ...(predmetu je více ne dva).
• Pravidlo významu A total of 24 petri dishes were
  in the autoclave (celé mnoství misek bylo v
  autoklávu).
  The committee of scientists were from
  several scientific disciplines (bylo tam mnoho
  jedincu).
  A series of
  experiments was performed (duleitá je serie),
  ale A number of experiments were
  performed (duleité jsou jednotlivé pokusy).

24
Parameter, inhibit, several

• Parameter promenná hodnotu obecne nebo hranicní
  hodnota.
• Inhibit casto nesprávne úplné ukoncení aktivity,
  správne pro omezení.
• NE príli obecná sdelení.
  Several X radeji pocet, vyjmenovat organismy.

25
Císla, datum

• Na zacátku vety císla vypsat nebo vetu
  preformulovat.
• Císla do devíti slovy, ne vak, následuje-li
  zkratka jednotky (3 cm3) nebo jsou-li ve stejné
  vete císla vyí.
• Desetinná císla NE .031, ale 0.031.
• Datum USA 10/19/98, Evropa 19/10/98, radeji 19
  October 1998.
• NE a.m., p.m. Nejradeji 0517, 1235.

26
Pozor na...

• POZOR NA
  possible, probable, perhaps, it is
  likely to, is better referred to, perhaps, the
  latter possibility seems quite possible (!),
  obviously, surely, of course. Normal,
  significant, correlations jen ve statistických
  souvislostech.
• dvojice slov ze stejného kmene a locality
  located ... the following procedure should be
  followed ... except for rare exceptions ... a
  point to point out ...

27
Významové sloveso

• Jde-li to, pouijte významové sloveso
• made the arrangement for ? arranged
• is beginning ? begins
• made the decision ? decided
• made the measurement of ? measured
• performed the development of ? developed
• is used to detect ? detects
• is beginning ? begins
• makes a shadow ? shadows
• carries out the test ? tests
• accomplishes the treatment ? treats

28
Exprese a superlativy

• NE exprese a superlativy absolutely, best,
  clearly, completely, entirely, excellent,
  extremely, first, important, interestingly,
  somewhat, surprisingly, very much (pouít jen v
  krajní nutnosti). Unique, perfect, exact,
  pregnant, infinite se nestupnuje.
• Mue být neco neúplne plné, cástecne úplné,
  trochu jedinecné (completely filled, partially
  complete, somewhat unique)?

29
Dvojí sdelení

• NE dvojí sdelení tého alternative choice, basic
  fundamentals, complete stop, completely accurate,
  consensus of opinion, continue to remain,
  definite decision, exact same, fewer in number,
  first begin, following after, fully recognize,
  immediate vicinity, in order to, join together,
  local neighbourhood, mix together, none at all,
  one out of three, past history, perfectly clear,
  rarely ever, repeat again, still persists,
  totally useless, truly significant, utterly unique

30
Predcházející cinnost

• Pretreated, prewashed, presoked, presterilized ?
  treated, washed, soaked, sterilized
• e jde o predbenou cinnost, musí být patrné z
  následující vety.
• Tedy Seeds were treated for 2 h with ethanol,
  then washed in water, and finally sterilized in
  ...

31
Zkracování, dvojí zápor

• V psané anglictine
  it's it is
  don't do not
  won't would not.
• NE dvojí zápor
  Not unlikely ? possible
  not unjustifiable ? justifiable.

32
Znaménka, tituly

• Rozdelovací znaménko hyphen, u veku dvojitý
  hyphen a 3-d-old plant (trídenní rostlina).
• ? se v anglictine jmenuje ampersand (z "and per
  se and").
• _at_ je at-symbol (podle obchodnického pouití 100
  copies _at_ 47.50 100 výtisku po 47,50 ).
• Elipses vynechávky (...).
• Akademické tituly Anglicané bez tecek (PhD, Dr),
  Americané s teckami (Ph.D., Dr.). NE soucasne
  Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.