Compounds Important to Life

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Compounds Important to Life
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I. Two types of compounds

• Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
• Organic compounds contain carbon
• 1. crude oil, fats, sugars, proteins

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II. Water

• -an inorganic compound essential to life
• Physical properties of water
• 1. high boiling point and relatively low
  freezing point
• a. allows water to be in liquid state on
  most of the earth
• 2. High heat of vaporization
• a. heat of vaporization the amount of
  heat needed to convert a given volume of liquid
  into a gas
• b. used as a cooling system
• 1. sweat covers the body and absorbs
  the heat fo the body

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• 3. High specific heat
• a. specific heat amount of heat needed to
  raise the temperature of 1.0g of a substance by 1
  degree C
• b. regulates body temperature by absorbing
  heat
• c. regulates global temperature by absorbing
  heat in the oceans
• 4. Cohesion like molecules tend to stick
  together
• a. helps water move stems of plants
• b. surface tension water tends to minimize
  the surface area
• 1. allows critters to walk on the water

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• 5. Adhesion tendency of unlike molecules to
  stick together
• a. allows water to stick to tubes in the stem
  of a plant and to stick to soil particles
• b. water sticking to glass
• 6. Capillarity tendency of water to move
  through small pores of tubes
• a. allows water toenter roots

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• B. Molecular Structure
• 1.
• 2. Polar Molecules molecules whose ends have
  slight charges due to an unequal sharing of
  electrons in the covalent bond

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• 3. Polarity allows H2O to form hydrogen bonds
• a. hydrogen bond bond caused by the
  attraction of the positive hydrogen to the
  negative oxygen
• 4. Polarity of H2O allows it to dissolve all
  polar molecules as well as ionic compounds

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• C. Water as a Solvent
• 1. solvent substance that dissolves another
  substance
• 2. Solute substance being dissolved
• 3. H2O cannot dissolve a nonpolar molecule
• 4. Hydrophilic substance that will dissolve
  in H2O
• 5. Hydrophobic will not dissolve in H2O
  scared of H2O
• D. pH measure of how acidic or basic a
  substance is
• 1. water has a pH of 7

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Organic Compounds Important to Life

• Macromolecules large molecules
• A. polymer chain of repeating units called
  monomers
• B. monomer repeating units that make up
  polymers
• II. Carbohydrates organic compounds made up of
  C, H, and O
• A. monosaccharide simple sugars
• 1. monomers which make up CHO polymers
• 2. formula

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• 3. structure
• a. differences between monosaccharides lie
  in the placement of the OH groups and the CO.

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• 4. types of monosaccharides
• a. glucose main source of energy for
  organisms
• 1. made during photosynthesis
• b. fructose sugar fond in fruits
• c. galactose sugar found in milk
• B. Disaccharides CHO made up of two
  monosaccharides
• 1. sucrose table sugar
• a. glucose and fructose
• b. sugar cane and sugar beets
• 2. lactose main sugar in milk
• a. glucose and galactose

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• C. Polysaccharides complex CHO chain of
  monosaccharides
• 1. starch long chain of glucose molecules
• a. a way plants store extra glucose
• b. glu-glu-glu-glu-glu
• 2. glycogen highly branched chain of glucose
• a. a way animals store extra glucose

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• 3. Cellulose polysaccharides which support
  plant cells
• a. main part of the cell wall
• b. dietary fiber

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III. Lipids

• A. Structure

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• B. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
• 1. saturated lipids which have all C-C in
  hydrocarbon tails
• 2. unsaturated have CC in tails
• a. good fats
• C. Types of Lipids
• 1. oils/fats lipids used to store energy
• a. oils liquids from plants
• b. fats solids from animals
• 2. wax- forms water proof barriers
• a. ear wax
• b. leaves from tropical plants

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• 3. Phospholipids two-tail lipid with a
  phosphate group attached to its head
• a. head is hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic
• b. structure

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IV. Proteins/polypeptides

• -polymers made up of monomer amino acid
• Amino acid monomer of proteins
• 1. 20 different aa which make up polypeptides
• B. Proteins have a definite 3D shape which allows
  them to do their job

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• C. Functions of proteins
• 1. proteins can be structural provide shape
  and support
• 2. enzymes proteins which speed up chemical
  reactions (p.166) end in ase
• 3. hormones chemical which have an effect on
  the cell or body

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V. Nucleic Acids

• -macromolecules which store genetic information
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA ribonucleic acid