Introduction to TCP/IP and Internet Governance

1
Introduction to TCP/IPand Internet Governance

• Computer Network System
• Sirak Kaewjamnong

2
What is TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking
  protocol, developed for use on the Internet.
• TCP and IP are certainly two of the most
  important.

3
TCP/IP Characteristics

• TCP/IP provides the services necessary to
  interconnect computers and to interconnect
  networks, creating the Internet.
• Independent from underlying network topology,
  physical network hardware, and OS.
• Unique IP address
• Universal connectivity through out the network

4
TCP/IP Internetworking
5
TCP/IP Networking Software

• TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal
  communication service/
• Service can be implemented in standardized manner
  in the networking software, normally bundled in
  OS.

6
TCP/IP and Internet

• 1957 USSR Spunik , USA establish ARPA
• 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET
• 1971 Network with 15 nodes
• 1973 Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe, Ph.D. Dissertation)
• 1983 TCP/IP as a core protocol
• 1983 BSD 4.2 (U. Berkeley ) with TCP/IP

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TCP/IP Implementations

• 1983 4.2BSD first widely available TCP/IP
  release
• 1986 4.3BSD performance improvements
• 1988 4.3BSD Tahoe add slow start, congestion
  avoidance and fast retransmit
• 1990 4.3BSD Reno add TCP header prediction. SLIP
  compression, new routing table
• 1993 4.4BSD add multicasting

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Internet Growth
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Internet

• The world wide group of networks combined with
  TCP/IP
• Who control Internet?
• No single administrative organization
• IETF determines standards
• industry also preemptive control standards

10
Internet Technical Bodies Structure

• International, nonprofit organization
• Promote research and other activities relating to
  the Internet

ISOC
Internet Society

• Technical Advisor to the ISOC
• Oversee the development of TCP/IP protocol

IAB
Internet Architecture Board
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Research Task Force
IRSG
IESG

• A forum of working groups managed by Internet
  Engineering Steering Group
• Develop of protocols and specifications for
  standardization

• A forum of working groups managed by Internet
  Research Steering Group
• Conduct long-term research

WG
WG
WG
WG
IETF
IRTF
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Internet Registries

• IP addresses space, Autonomous System Numbers
  (ASN), reverse resolution
• ARIN North America
• APNIC Asia-Pacific
• RIPE Europe
• AFRINIC Africa
• LACNIC Latin American and Caribbean

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Internet Standard Process
draft version for informal review and comment
Internet Draft
official publication for Internet standard and
other publications

• RFC

Proposed Standard
entry-level, protocol specifications should be
stable technically
at least 2 independence and interoperable
implementation that test all specification
functions
Standard track
Draft Standard
have had significant field use and clear
community interest in production use.
Internet Standard
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ICANN
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers

• Formed in October 1998
• Internationalization of Policy Functions for DNS
  and IP Addressing systems and Private Sector
  (Non-governmental) Management

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What does ICANN do?

• Coordinates policies relating to the unique
  assignment of
• Top Level Domain Names (gTLDs, cTLDs)
• IP Address
• Protocol Port and Parameter Numbers
• Coordinates the DNS Root Server System
• through Root Server System Advisory Committee

Source Andrew McLaughlin
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Does ICANN regulate/govern?

• ICANN coordinates.
• What ICANN is NOT
• Technical Standard-Setting Body
• Internet Police Force
• Consumer Protection Agency
• Competition Authority
• Legislature or Court

Source Andrew McLaughlin
16
Situation Before ICANN

• Most Internet DNS and IP Address coordination
  functions performed by, or on behalf of, the US
  government
• Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
• Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of
  University of Southern California
• Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• IBM, MCI, and Merit
• ATT, General Atomics, Network Solutions, Inc.
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  (NASA)
• US Department of Energy

Source Andrew McLaughlin
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IANA
Jon Postel 1943-1998
Source Andrew McLaughlin
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What are the IANA functions?

• Protocol parameter assignments
• Under March 1, 2000 IETF/IAB/ICANN Memorandum of
  Understanding
• IP Address Allocations
• DNS root zone file management

Source Andrew McLaughlin
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Need for Change

• Globalization of Internet
• Commercialization of Internet
• Need for accountability
• Need for more formalized management structure
• Dissatisfaction with lack of competition
• Trademark/domain name conflicts

Source Andrew McLaughlin
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Status of Transition from USG

• 25 November, 1998 - ICANN recognized in MoU
• June, 1999 - Cooperative agreement among ICANN,
  US Government, root server operators
• 10 November, 1999
• ICANN and Network Solutions sign gTLD registry
  and registrar agreements
• DoC transfers root authority over gTLDs to ICANN
• 9 February, 2000
• Contract with US Government to complete transfer
  of IANA functions
• Year 2000
• ccTLD registry agreements
• RIR (Regional Internet Registries) agreements
• LACNIC and AfriNIC

Source Andrew McLaughlin
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ICANN Structure
ICANN Board of Directors
18 Directors President and CEO
Domain Name Supporting Organization
Address Supporting Organization
Protocol Supporting Organization
At Large Membership
3 Directors
3 Directors
3 Directors
9 Directors
Business/Commercial
APNIC
IETF
At Large Members
Non-Commercial
ARIN
W3C
ISPs
RIPE NCC
ITU-T
ccTLD Registries
ETSI
gTLD Registries
Registrars
Trademark and IP
Governmental Advisory Committee
Root Server System Advisory Committee
Membership Task Force
Funding Task Force
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ICANN Board of Directors

• At Large Directors
• Karl Auerbach (USA)
• Ivan Moura Campos (Brazil)
• Frank Fitzsimmons (USA)
• Masanobu Katoh (Japan)
• Hans Kraaijenbrink (Netherlands)
• Andy Mueller-Maguhn (Germany)
• Jun Murai (Japan)
• Nii Quaynor (Ghana)
• Linda S. Wilson (USA)

• ASO Directors
• Rob Blokzijl (Netherlands)
• Lyman Chapin (USA)
• Sang-Hyon Kyong (South Korea)
• DNSO Directors
• Amadeu Abril i Abril (Spain)
• Jonathan Cohen (Canada)
• Alejandro Pisanty (Mexico)
• PSO Directors
• Helmut Schink (Germany)
• Vint Cerf (USA) - Chairman
• Phil Davidson (U.K.)
• ICANN President
• M. Stuart Lynn (USA)

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New gTLDs

• .aero aerospace
• .biz business
• .coop CoOp
• .info Information
• .museum museum under International Council of
  Museums
• .name individual
• .pro professionals

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Registry and Registrar

• What is Registry?
• The organization responsible for the actual
  administration and maintenance to a top-level
  domain
• What is Registrar?
• The organization responsible for the actual
  registration of the domain name

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Sample Registry/Registra
Domain Registry Registrar .com, .net.,
.org Verisign Several accredited
registrar .mil DDN NIC DDN NIC .edu EDUCAUSE E
DUCAUSE .gov U.S. GSA U.S. GSA .int IANA IANA
.jp JPRS JPRS .ca CIRA 70 accredited
registrar .th THNIC THNIC
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Payment Path
ICANN
Registry
Registrant
Registrar
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Redelegation Parties

• A process to transfer domain administrative
  authority

ICANN
Old-Admin
Government Agency
New-Admin