NT1210 Introduction to Networking

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NT1210 Introduction to Networking

• Unit 3Chapter 3, TCP/IP Networks

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Class Agenda 10/2/15

• Learning Objectives
• Lesson Presentation and Discussions.
• Class Quiz 1
• Discussion on Lab Activities.
• Discussion on Assignments.
• Break Times. 10 Minutes break in every 1 Hour.
• Note Submit all Assignment and labs due today.

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Objectives

• Compare and contrast the OSI and TCP/IP models
  and their applications to actual networks.
• Explain the functionality and use of typical
  network protocols.
• Differentiate among major types of LAN and WAN
  technologies and specifications and determine how
  each is used in a data network.
• Explain the use of IP addressing in data
  networks.

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TCP/IP Network Product Standards and Rules

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet
  Protocol (IP).
• Requests for Comment (RFC) Documents created by
  network stakeholders to comment and improve ideas
  for standards.
• Define how products work.
• Used by network designers.
• Open source.

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TCP/IP Network TCP/IP Model

• Commonly-used version of TCP/IP model has five
  layers.

Figure 3-3
TCP/IP Model
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TCP/IP Network Organizations Useful to TCP/IP
Figure 3-4
Sources of Standards in the TCP/IP Model
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TCP/IP Network LAN/WAN Standards
Figure 3-7
TCP/IP Using Other Standards for LAN and WAN
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Comparing TCP/IP to Other Networking Models OSI
Model

• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
• ISO began work on OSI model following timeline
  that was close to TCP/IPs
• Started in 1970s.
• Progressed on individual standards in 1980s.
• Allowed standards-based vendor products to start
  appearing by early 1990s.

Figure 3-11
The OSI Model
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Comparing TCP/IP to Other Networking Models OSI
Model
The biggest differences between the TCP/IP and
OSI models exist at the top. The TCP/IP model
defines many functions as part of the application
layer, while the OSI model split those functions
into multiple layers.
Figure 3-12
Mapping the Layers of the TCP/IP and OSI Models
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Comparing TCP/IP to Other Networking Models OSI
Model
Figure 3-13
Three Example Standards, and the Phrases to Use
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Understanding How a TCP/IP Network Works LAN
Physical Links

• Both the sender and receiver must agree on the
  rules of how to use the electrical circuit. The
  sending NIC sends the bits over the loop to
  create the electrical signal. Signal varies over
  time to encode different bits. The receiving NIC
  must know what rules the sender uses so it can
  interpret the circuit changes into the correct 0s
  and 1s (bits).

Figure 3-15
NICs on Both Ends of a Cable Creating a Loop
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Understanding How a TCP/IP Network Works LAN
Switches

• Every Ethernet LAN device connects to the LAN
  using a cable. The cable installers run a cable
  from each device to a central place on that
  floor, usually to a switch that sits in a locked
  room called a wiring room. By connecting all the
  cables to the switch, all are connect to the
  LANand each other.

Figure 3-16
Using a LAN Switch to Physically Connect Devices
to a LAN
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BreakTake 15
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TCP/IP Network Data Link Layer

• Many protocols use headers and/or trailers to
  store bytes of info that control data flow
  through network.
• Data Link protocols typically add both header and
  trailer.

Figure 3-18
Data Link Header and Trailer, Like a Couple of
Sticky Notes
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TCP/IP Network Leased Lines
Enterprises use Layer 3 devices called routers to
connect to the WAN leased line at each site.
The Telco connects the ends of the leased line
directly into the enterprises routers in their
WAN interfaces (ports) on each end of the link.
Figure 3-21
Physical Cabling of a Leased Line, from Each
Customer Site to Central Office (CO)
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TCP/IP Network Data Link Protocol Encapsulation
Routers strip off old Data Link headers no longer
needed and replace them with new Data Link
headers needed for next leg (hop) of the datas
journey to its destination.
Figure 3-23
Encapsulation and De-encapsulation
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TCP/IP NetworkIP Addressing

• Identifies device in TCP/IP network.
• Every device must have unique IP address.
• IP address has 32 bits written in dotted decimal
  notation (DDN) of four sets of eight bits each
  with dot (period) between each number.
• Networking devices see decimal numbers as binary.

Binary IP Address Equivalent Decimal IP Address
00000001 00001000 00010000 00100000 1.8.16.32
01010101 10101010 00001111 11110000 85.170.15.240
00001010 00000101 00011010 00010101 10.5.26.21
01111110 10000001 01010101 11111000 126.129.85.248
00100001 01000001 10000001 00010001 33.65.129.17
Table 3-1
Example IP Addresses, Binary and DDN Formats
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Defining the Rules for a TCP/IP NetworkIP
Addressing

• Each PC with a connection into the TCP/IP network
  has a unique IP address.

Figure 3-25
IP Addresses in a Network Diagram
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Defining the Rules for a TCP/IP NetworkIP
Addressing

• Routers play a big role with the IP protocol in
  that they route (forward) data based on the
  destination IP address. To do that, a router must
  connect using multiple interfaces to multiple
  data links.
• Example Each router has 2 interfaces One for
  WAN link and one for LAN.

Figure 3-26
Routers Multiple Interfaces, Multiple IP
Addresses
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TCP/IP Network IP Addressing Grouping

• To make IP routing work, addresses grouped using
  rules.
• IP groups addresses in different ways Classful
  networks and subnetting .
• Rules give network engineers flexibility in how
  they assign addresses, but still allow IP
  routingto work efficiently.

Figure 3-27
Five Classful IP Networks
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TCP/IP Network IP Addressing Grouping
IP Classful Networks
Class IP Range Designed for
A 1.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 Large enterprises, government agencies, etc.
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 Medium-sized businesses, organizations, etc.
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 For small entities and home networks
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Experimental, research
Five Classful IP Networks
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TCP/IP Network IP Routing

• IP routing defines exactly how routers forward
  data in network.
• Each router connects to multiple physical links
  so has multiple physical interfaces (ports).
• Router has rules that tell it how to make routing
  decisions.
• IP routing relies on two ideas
• Sender addresses data.
• Routers forward data based on destination IP
  address.
• Routers keep routing information in their RAM in
  IP routing tables

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TCP/IP Network IP Routing

• Moving data on network relies on routers to
  forward data to correct destination host.
• Routers talk to each other (using protocols) to
  learn about IP addresses in network.
• Routers keep routing information in their RAM in
  IP routing tables.

Figure 3-29
Routing Tables on R1 and R2, for Network 12.0.0.0
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Defining the Rules for a TCP/IP NetworkIP
Routing
PC11 sends an IPv4 packet to PC21 by adding an IP
header that includes its address and the
destinations IPv4 address to the data (payload).
Figure 3-28
Web Client Host PC11 Puts 12.1.1.21 into the IP
Header Destination IP Address Field
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TCP/IP Network Forwarding Packets

• IP creates and adds IP header to payload.
• Sending host adds IP header (Network Layer
  address) and Data Link layer header/trailer
  before sending data onto network.
• IP header follows Data Link header in frame.

Figure 3-30
Encapsulation on the Sending Host Frame and
Packet
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TCP/IP Network Forwarding Packets

• Frame Encapsulated data that includes Data Link
  header and trailerplus everything in between
  (including IP header).
• Packet What sits between Data Link header and
  trailer.
• Router discards Data Link header and trailer when
  it receives frame, leaving IP packet.
• Router then encapsulates packet into new Data
  Link header and trailer (with next hop Data Link
  address) when it forwards IP packet.
• Encapsulation/de-encapsulation process continues
  until IP packet delivered to destination.

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TCP/IP Network Routing IP Packets
Figure 3-31
Routers Remove Packet from Frame, Send Packet
inside a New Frame
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TCP/IP Network Transport Protocols

• Transport layer protocols provide the connection
  to network
• applications (apps) and Multiplexing.

Figure 3-32
Widening Scope of Higher TCP/IP Layers
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TCP/IP Network Transport Protocols TCP and UDP

• Transport layer connects source and destination
  applications.
• Port number Used by transport protocol to
  identify each destination app.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
  Connection-oriented.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connectionless.

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Mind Mapping

• A diagram used to visually organize information.

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Summary This chapter

• Distinguished between the key terms related to
  networking standards, including standard,
  protocol, and model.
• Listed the layers of the TCP/IP model and
  explained the purpose of the TCP/IP model.
• Named standards organizations on which the TCP/IP
  model relies.
• Briefly compared the history of the OSI and
  TCP/IP models and classified the layers of each
  in comparison to each other.

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Summary This chapter

• Summarized the key functions of Ethernet LANs.
• Summarized the key functions of leased line WANs.
• Explained how IP addressing and IP routing work
  together.
• Defined how different headers help move data
  through a network.
• Listed two Transport layer protocols TCP and UDP.

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Lab Activities

• Complete all Lab Activities on Chapter 3 of the
  Lab Manual.
• Lab 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5
• Complete all the exercises and reviews and
  submit your answers
• Lab will be completed in class.

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Assignment

• Complete chapter 3 review activities No's 1 to 20
  on page 150 to 153.
• Print and submit in the next class.
• Reading Assignment Read Chapter 4 before coming
  to the next class