Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning

• Key author/researcher Ivan Pavlov
• Pavlov was a physiologist studying digestion he
  gathered saliva from dogs.

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Key concepts

• Unconditioned stimulus ?Unconditioned response
• Conditioned response
• conditioned stimulus ?

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Why does Classical conditioning occur?

• Temporal Arrangements
• Simultaneous conditioning
• Trace conditioning
• Short-delayed conditioning

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Phases of Classical conditioning

• Acquisition
• Extinction - decrease in CR occurs when CS alone
• Stimulus generalization Watson and Rayners
  Little Albert
• Stimulus discrimination
• In real life, CC helps to explain/treat phobias

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner is the key author
• Basic theory
• Stimulus ? Response
• The response is either reinforced or punished.

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Schedules of reinforcment

• Continuous
• most effective for acquiring new responses.
• Intermittent
• more resistant to extinction.
• 4 types
• fixed ratio/ variable ratio
• fixed interval/ variable interval

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Disadvantages of physical punishment

• It usually occurs out of rage.
• The recipient responds with fear, anxiety, rage.
• The effects are temporary.
• Difficult to follow immediately.
• Conveys little information.
• The attention may reinforce.

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Suggestions in using physical punishment

• Use as a last resort.
• Discuss the reasons for the punishment.
• Only use enough to be effective
• Offer an opportunity for positive behavior.

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Principles of Reinforcement

• Defined after the response.
• Individually specific what works for person A
  may not work for person B.
• Changes within the individual.
• It should be given immediately. The longer the
  delay the slower the change in behavior.

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Social Learning theory or Observational learning.

• Albert Bandura is the key researcher/ author.
• Learning occurs through imitation/ modeling.
• For learning to occur, the individual must pay
  attention, retain the information, reproduce the
  behavior and have motivation. (ARRM)