Genetic Changes

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Genetic Changes
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Mutation a change in DNA
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Mutation in a reproductive cell

• -May produce new trait
• -May result in dysfunctional protein
• -Sometimes so severe the embryo does not survive

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Mutation in a body cell

• -Not passed to offspring
• -may cause problems for individual
• -may impair function of cell muscle cell loses
  ability to make a protein that contracts
• -when that cell divides, new cells will have
  same mutation (aging buildup of cells with less
  than optimal functioning, cancer)

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Gene Mutations

• 1. Point mutation one base is changed to a
  different base
• Ex 1 ACG AGG
• Ex 2 THE DOG BIT THE CAT
• THE DOG BIT THE CAR

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Gene Mutations

• 2. Frameshift mutation one base is added or
  removed, shifts reading of codons by 1 base
• Ex 1 ACG AG or ACCG
• Ex 2 THE DOG BIT THE CAT
• THE DOB ITT HEC AT
• DANGEROUS b/c usually changes MANY aa

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Chromosome Mutations

• 1. Inversion the order of bases is switched
  a piece of a chromosome rotates
• 2. Translocation a piece of a chromosome is
  added to another chromosome
• 3. Deletion a piece of chromosome is lost

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Sickle Cell Anemia pt. mutation
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Causes of Mutations

• Spontaneous- just mistakes in base pairing
• Mutagens environmental agents that cause
  mutations
• Ex high energy radiation (can blast DNA apart),
  chemicals, high temps.

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Repairing DNA

• DNA is very accurate, but mistakes still occur,
  so.
• Enzymes proofread DNA and replace incorrect
  nucleotides with correct nucleotides.