Carbon Compounds in Cells

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Chapter 3

• Carbon Compounds in Cells

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Bonding

• Carbon can share pairs of electrons with up to
  four other elements.
• These bonds link carbon together in chains that
  form a backbone to which other atoms can bond.

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• The backbone can coil into a ring structure that
  can be diagrammed like so
• Or written
• H C C C C C C H

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In many cases there are two types of reactions
taking place

• Condensation, where a hydroxyl group from one
  molecule and a hydrogen from another molecule
  come together and force a bond to form where they
  were removed.
• Hydrolysis, where an enzyme uses a hydroxyl and a
  hydrogen to split a compound into two or more
  parts. This cuts large molecules into smaller
  ones that can be used for energy.

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Can form four different types of organic
molecules.

• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• The most abundant of all biological molecules.
• Used as structural material and as an energy
  forms.
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio
  121 (CH2O)n.

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Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

• Monosaccharides consist of 1 carbon ring
• Glucose, fructose
• Disaccharides consist of 2 carbon rings
• sucrose

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharide - chains of many monosaccharides
• Examples cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

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• Cellulose plant structural material. (tough,
  insoluble)
• Glycogen animal sugar storage. Housed largely
  in muscle and liver.
• Starch plant sugar storage.
• Chitin nitrogen containing polysaccharide main
  structural component of insect external skeleton
  and outside wall of fungus

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Lipids

• Made of hydrocarbons that dont readily dissolve
  in water.
• Greasy or oily to touch.
• Used as a main energy reservoir, structural
  materials (cell membranes), and signaling
  molecules

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Unsaturated

• Have one or more double bonds and are liquid at
  room temperature

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Saturated

• No double bonds solid at room temperature. Most
  animal fats are saturated.

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Triglycerides

• Natural fats butter, lard, vegetable oils
• Bodys most abundant lipid and richest energy
  source
• Stored in body fat tissue (adipose)
• In some animals, it serves as insulation
  (penguins)

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Phospholipids

• Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids and a
  hydrophilic head of a phosphate group with a
  polar group.
• Main material of the cell membrane

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Amino Acids

• Most diverse of compounds
• Enzymes speed up metabolic activities.
• Move molecules and ions across membranes
  (transport).
• Protein hormones regulation of cell activities.
  
• Act as a weapon against disease causing agents.
• Build entire proteins from just 20 amino acids.

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Nucleic Acids

• Include DNA, RNA, and ATP
• Will deal with these in later chapters