VI' Pineal Gland

1
VI. Pineal Gland
A. Hormones
Melatonin Arginine vasotocin
inhibits GnRH from hypoth.
B. Trigger
Photoperiod increase secretion in
dark
C. Target
Hypothalamus
involved with sleep cycle
affects the immune system
2
(No Transcript)
3
VII. Thymus gland
A. Hormone
Thymosin development of immune
system
Lymphocytes mature into T cells
VIII Nutrient regulation
A. Directly after a meal
Reduction of glucagon,
cortisol, GH, epinephrine
High glucose/parasympathetic
- increase insulin
secretion
4
(No Transcript)
5
Glucose, aa, fat -gt
tissues

glycogen proteins
B. 2 hrs after meal
1. Glucagon, cortisol, GH,
epinephrine increase
2. Insulin decreases
C. Exercise
1. Epinephrine, glucagon increase
2. Glycogen to glucose (liver)
6
(No Transcript)
7
D. Sustained activity
1. Decrease in insulin
2. Increase GH cortisol
Physiology of
Reproduction
I. Male reproductive physiology
A. Structures
1. Testes
a. Seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells -
spermatogenesis
secretes inhibin
8
(No Transcript)
9
b. Connective tissue
leydig cells- testosterone
B. Spermatogenesis
1. Spermatogonia
at puberty divide (mitosis)
2. Primary spermatocytes
Meiosis I -gt secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II -gt spermatids
3. Sertoli cells
blood-testes barrier
10
C. Hormonal control
1. GnRH - hypothalamus
every 2 hrs
2. FSH LH from Ant Pit
FSH targets sertoli cells -gt
stimulate spermatogenesis LH
targets Leydig cells -gt testosterone
3. Negative feedback
Testosterone inhibits GnRH and LH
Inhibin inhibits FSH
11
(No Transcript)
12
II. Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Structure
1. Ovaries
B. Oogenesis
1. Oogonia
under go Mitosis (as fetus)
2. Primary oocytes
result of Mitosis
infant - all primary oocytes
13
(No Transcript)
14
3. Secondary oocytes
puberty -gt completion of Meiosis I
secondary oocyte polar body
4. Mature ovum
after ovulation -gt 2nd oocyte to
uterine tube
Meiosis II only if fertilized
15
C. Ovary structures
Follicles
primary oocyte -gt granulosa
cells
as follicle matures -gt outer
layer Theca
Graafian follicle
during menstrual cycle one
follicle begins to matures
during ovulation -gt Graafian
follicle ruptures releasing oocyte

Corpus luteum
remaining Graafian Follicle
breaks down endometrium sloughs off (bleeding)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
D. Hormonal control
1. GnRH -gt FSH LH -gt follicles start
to develop
2. FSH -gt increase Granulosa cells
produce estrogen
(corpus luteum -gt
progesterone)
LH -gt Theca cells to produce
androgens (converted to estrogen)
3. Negative feedback
increase estrogen decrease LH
GnRH
inhibin (granulosa) decreases
FSH
19
(No Transcript)