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The Endocrine System Chapter 17 Lecture Notes

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Title: The Endocrine System Chapter 17 Lecture Notes


1
The Endocrine SystemChapter 17 Lecture Notes
  • to accompany
  • Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life
  • textbook by
  • Gail Jenkins, Christopher Kemnitz, Gerard Tortora

2
Chapter Overview
  • 17.1 Endocrine System Overview
  • 17.2 Hormone Secretion
  • 17.3 Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
  • 17.4 Posterior Pituitary
  • 17.5 Thyroid Gland
  • 17.6 Parathyroid Glands
  • 17.7 Adrenal Cortex
  • 17.8 Pancreas
  • 17.9 Gonads
  • 17.10 Pineal Gland

3
Essential Terms
  • hormone
  • chemical mediators that help maintain homeostasis
  • target cell
  • cell with a receptor that responds to the
    presence of a hormone

4
Introduction
  • Endocrine secretion activity is less dramatic
    than activity of neurotransmitters
  • Nervous system responses generally more immediate
  • Endocrine system responses more prolonged and
    help maintain homeostasis
  • Two systems are integrated

5
Concept 17.1Endocrine System Overview
6
Endocrine System
  • Nervous stimulation can trigger endocrine
    secretions
  • Endocrine system controls activities by releasing
    hormones
  • Most hormones enter interstitial fluid then are
    carried to target tissues by circulatory system
  • Endocrine system and nervous system function
    together as a supersystem
  • Endocrine system helps regulate virtually all
    types of body cells

7
Endocrine Glands
  • exocrine glands secrete products onto a surface
  • endocrine glands secrete products into the body
    fluids
  • hormones are carried to target tissues where
    activity is carried out
  • pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
  • Other hormone secreting structures
  • hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes,
    kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin,
    heart, adipose tissue, placenta

8
Table 17.1
9
Figure 17.1
10
Concept 17.2 Hormone Secretion
11
Receptors
  • hormones only affect target cells
  • water soluble hormone receptors on outside
    surface and trigger response inside the cell
  • lipid soluble hormone receptors on inside of cell
    and trigger response inside cell
  • target cells generally have between 2000 and
    100,000 receptors for a given hormone

12
Chemical Classes of Hormones
  • water soluble
  • amino acid based
  • lipid soluble
  • steroids
  • thyroid hormones
  • nitric oxide
  • transported in blood by transport proteins
  • slow rate of loss in kidneys
  • ready reserve of hormone in blood stream

13
Table 17.2 pt 1
14
Table 17.2 pt 2
15
Hormone Action
  • variable depending on hormone and target cell
  • various targets respond differently to same
    hormone
  • some hormones activate synthetic or stimulatory
    processes
  • others activate degradation or inhibitory
    processes

16
Figure 17.2
17
Figure 17.3
18
Hormone Interactions
  • permissive effects
  • one hormone allows the other to function
  • synergistic effects
  • one hormone intensifies the effects of the other
  • antagonistic effects
  • one hormone inhibits or reduces the effects of
    the other

19
Control of Hormone Secretion
  • hormones secreted in bursts
  • as stimulation increases bursts increase in
    frequency
  • in absence of stimulation, bursts are minimal or
    inhibited
  • regulated by
  • neural signals
  • chemical changes in blood
  • other hormones

20
Concept 17.3 Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
21
Hypothalamus
  • controls the activity of the pituitary gland
  • major integrating link between the nervous and
    endocrine systems
  • hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary are
    all either releasing hormones or inhibiting
    hormones

22
Figure 17.4
23
Pituitary Gland
  • two lobes
  • anterior lobe
  • stimulated by tropic hormones from hypothalamus
  • hypophyseal portal system
  • posterior lobe
  • neural tissue that releases hormones produced in
    the hypothalamus
  • neurosecretory cells

24
Table 17.3
25
Figure 17.5
26
Figure 17.6
27
Figure 17.11
28
FSH LH
  • released by the anterior pituitary
  • triggered by GnRH
  • target tissue gonads
  • FSH
  • in females initiates development of ovarian
    follicles
  • in males stimulates sperm production
  • LH
  • in females triggers ovulation
  • in males triggers testosterone secretion

29
PRL
  • released by the anterior pituitary
  • trigger is PRH and PIH from hypothalamus
  • initiates and maintains milk secretion and
    production by mammary glands in females
  • in males can cause erectile dysfunction

30
ACTH
  • secreted by anterior pituitary
  • triggered by CRH
  • also triggered by stress
  • controls production and secretion of hormones
    called glucocorticoids
  • cortisol from adrenal cortex
  • cause negative feedback regulation of CRH and
    ACTH release

31
Figure 17.16
32
MSH
  • secreted by anterior pituitary
  • function unknown in humans
  • presence of MSH receptors in brain suggests it
    may influence brain activity
  • excessive CRH stimulates MSH release
  • PIH inhibits MSH release

33
Table 17.4 pt 1
34
Table 17.4 pt 2
35
Concept 17.4 Posterior Pituitary
36
Posterior Pituitary
  • AKA neurohypophysis
  • store and release two hormones produced by
    hypothalamus
  • ADH
  • OT

37
Figure 17.4
38
OT
  • oxytocin
  • targets uterus and mammary glands during and
    after delivery
  • uterus contracts
  • milk ejection (let down)
  • function in non-reproducing women and in men is
    unknown
  • animal studies seem to indicate parental
    caretaking behavior toward offspring
  • sexual pleasure during and after intercourse

39
ADH
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • decreases urine production
  • kidneys return water to blood
  • decreases sweating
  • causes constriction of arterioles
  • increases blood pressure
  • AKA vasopressin

40
Figure 17.8
41
Table 17.5
42
Concept 17.5 Thyroid Gland
43
TSH
  • follicular cells produce
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • parafollicular cells produce
  • calcitonin
  • involved in calcium homeostasis
  • brings calcium levels down when too high

44
Figure 17.10
45
Figure 17.11
46
Actions of Thyroid Hormones
  • thyroxine and triiodothyronine
  • regulate oxygen use and BMR

47
Concept 17.6 Parathyroid
48
PTH
  • parathyroid hormone
  • major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and
    phosphate ions in blood
  • PTH brings blood levels of calcium up when too
    low

49
Figure 17.13
50
Table 17.7
51
Concept 17.7 Adrenal Gland
52
Adrenal Cortex
  • divided into three zones
  • each secretes its own hormone
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • androgens

53
Figure 17.15
54
Figure 17.16
55
Figure 17.5
56
Glucocorticoid Functions
  • Protein breakdown
  • Glucose formation
  • Triglyceride breakdown
  • Resistance to stress
  • Anti-inflammatory effects
  • Depression of immune responses

57
Adrenal Medulla
  • modified sympathetic ganglion of ANS
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine

58
Figure 17.8
59
Figure 17.17a
60
Figure 17.17b
61
Figure 17.17c
62
Figure 17.17d
63
Concept 17.8 Pancreas
64
Blood Glucose Level Regulation
  • glucagon released when
  • blood glucose is low
  • insulin released when
  • blood glucose is high

65
Figure 17.18
66
Table 17.9
67
Concept 17.9 Gonads
68
FSH LH
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • androgens

69
Table 17.10
70
Concept 17.10 Pineal Gland
71
Pineal Gland
  • hormone secreted is melatonin
  • contributes to setting the bodys biological
    clock
  • promotes sleepiness in small doses
  • in animals with breeding seasons, melatonin
    inhibits reproductive functions outside the season

72
Table 17.1
73
End Chapter 17
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