Chapter 19

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Chapter 19 The Endocrine System
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands / Thymus
Reproductive System / Pineal Gland / Hormones
Aging
Suprarenal Glands, Pancreas and Other Endocrine
Structures
Overview / Pituitary Gland
Clinical Correlatives
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FINAL ROUND
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Topic 1 100 Question

• Which class of hormones consists of small
  molecules with a 5-carbon ring at one end, which
  coordinates cellular activities and enzymatic
  processes in extracellular fluids?
• a. peptide hormones
• b. steroid hormones
• c. amino acid derivatives
• d. eicosanoids

ANSWER
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3
Topic 1 100 Answer

• Which class of hormones consists of small
  molecules with a 5-carbon ring at one end, which
  coordinates cellular activities and enzymatic
  processes in extracellular fluids?
• a. peptide hormones
• b. steroid hormones
• c. amino acid derivatives
• d. eicosanoids

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4
Topic 1 200 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  hypothalamic control of the adenohypophysis
  is/are true?
• a. The secondary capillary plexus in the floor
  of the tuberal area receives blood from the
  superior hypophyseal artery.
• b. The vessels between the hypothalamus and the
  adenohypophysis are called the hypophyseal portal
  system.
• c. After leaving the hypothalamus, the capillary
  network unites to form a series of larger vessels
  that spiral around the infundibulum.
• d. a and b

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ANSWER
5
Topic 1 200 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  hypothalamic control of the adenohypophysis
  is/are true?
• a. The secondary capillary plexus in the floor
  of the tuberal area receives blood from the
  superior hypophyseal artery.
• b. The vessels between the hypothalamus and the
  adenohypophysis are called the hypophyseal portal
  system.
• c. After leaving the hypothalamus, the capillary
  network unites to form a series of larger vessels
  that spiral around the infundibulum.
• d. a and b

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6
Topic 1 300 Question

• Regarding pituitary hormones and their targets,
  what is the target of the somatomedins
  synthesized and released by the liver in response
  to the adenohypophyseal hormone growth hormone
  (GH)?
• a. bone, muscle, other tissues
• b. suprarenal medulla
• c. kidneys
• d. suprarenal cortex

ANSWER
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7
Topic 1 300 Answer

• Regarding pituitary hormones and their targets,
  what is the target of the somatomedins
  synthesized and released by the liver in response
  to the adenohypophyseal hormone growth hormone
  (GH)?
• a. bone, muscle, other tissues
• b. suprarenal medulla
• c. kidneys
• d. suprarenal cortex

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8
Topic 1 400 Question

• Which of the following is the only hormone
  released by the pars intermedia?
• a. luteinizing hormone (LH)
• b. adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• c. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• d. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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ANSWER
9
Topic 1 400 Answer

• Which of the following is the only hormone
  released by the pars intermedia?
• a. luteinizing hormone (LH)
• b. adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• c. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• d. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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10
Topic 1 500 Question

• The hypophyseal portal system is the term for the
  vessels between the ____ and the ____.
• a. thalamus, posterior lobe of pituitary
• b. hypothalamus, posterior lobe of pituitary
• c. hippocampus, anterior lobe of pituitary
• d. hypothalamus, anterior lobe of pituitary

ANSWER
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11
Topic 1 500 Answer

• The hypophyseal portal system is the term for the
  vessels between the ____ and the ____.
• a. thalamus, posterior lobe of pituitary
• b. hypothalamus, posterior lobe of pituitary
• c. hippocampus, anterior lobe of pituitary
• d. hypothalamus, anterior lobe of pituitary

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12
Topic 2 100 Question

• Which term actually applies to a blend of several
  different, complementary hormones that promote
  the maturation and functional competence of the
  immune system?
• a. calcitonin
• b. parathyroid hormone
• c. thymosin
• d. triiodothyronine (T3)

ANSWER
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13
Topic 2 100 Answer

• Which term actually applies to a blend of several
  different, complementary hormones that promote
  the maturation and functional competence of the
  immune system?
• a. calcitonin
• b. parathyroid hormone
• c. thymosin
• d. triiodothyronine (T3)

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14
Topic 2 200 Question

• Which of the following hormones increases calcium
  ion concentrations in body fluids, and increases
  bone mass?
• a. parathyroid hormone
• b. calcitonin
• c. thymosin
• d. thyroxine (T4)

ANSWER
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15
Topic 2 200 Answer

• Which of the following hormones increases calcium
  ion concentrations in body fluids, and increases
  bone mass?
• a. parathyroid hormone
• b. calcitonin
• c. thymosin
• d. thyroxine (T4)

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16
Topic 2 300 Question

• Which of the following structures of the
  parathyroid are glandular cells that produce
  parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
• a. oxyphil cells
• b. transitional cells
• c. chief or principal cells
• d. a and b

ANSWER
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17
Topic 2 300 Answer

• Which of the following structures of the
  parathyroid are glandular cells that produce
  parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
• a. oxyphil cells
• b. transitional cells
• c. chief or principal cells
• d. a and b

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18
Topic 2 400 Question

• Thyroxine and ____ increase the rate of cellular
  metabolism and ____ the rate of oxygen
  consumption in almost every cell of the body.
• a. calcitonin, increase
• b. triiodothyronine (T3), decrease
• c. calcitonin, decrease
• d. triiodothyronine (T3), increase

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ANSWER
19
Topic 2 400 Answer

• Thyroxine and ____ increase the rate of cellular
  metabolism and ____ the rate of oxygen
  consumption in almost every cell of the body.
• a. calcitonin, increase
• b. triiodothyronine (T3), decrease
• c. calcitonin, decrease
• d. triiodothyronine (T3), increase

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20
Topic 2 500 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  thyroid gland is/are true?
• a. The size of the thyroid is quite variable,
  depending on heredity, environment, and
  nutritional factors.
• b. The thyroid has a butterfly-like appearance
  and consists of four main lobes.
• c. Under the influence of thyroid-stimulating
  hormone (TSH) from the hypothalamus, the
  adenohypophysis releases thyrotropin-releasing
  hormone (TRH).
• d. a and c

ANSWER
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21
Topic 2 500 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  thyroid gland is/are true?
• a. The size of the thyroid is quite variable,
  depending on heredity, environment, and
  nutritional factors.
• b. The thyroid has a butterfly-like appearance
  and consists of four main lobes.
• c. Under the influence of thyroid-stimulating
  hormone (TSH) from the hypothalamus, the
  adenohypophysis releases thyrotropin-releasing
  hormone (TRH).
• d. a and c

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22
Topic 3 100 Question

• From deep to superficial, what is the correct
  order of the three distinct regions located deep
  to the capsule of the cortex of the suprarenal
  gland?
• a. zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, zona
  fasciculata
• b. zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona
  reticularis
• c. zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, zona
  glomerulosa
• d. zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona
  glomerulosa

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ANSWER
23
Topic 3 100 Answer

• From deep to superficial, what is the correct
  order of the three distinct regions located deep
  to the capsule of the cortex of the suprarenal
  gland?
• a. zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, zona
  fasciculata
• b. zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona
  reticularis
• c. zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, zona
  glomerulosa
• d. zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona
  glomerulosa

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24
Topic 3 200 Question

• Which of the following suprarenal structures
  produces mineralocorticoids, steroid hormones
  that affect the electrolyte composition of body
  fluids?
• a. zona reticularis
• b. zona glomerulosa
• c. adrenal medulla
• d. zona fasciculata

ANSWER
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25
Topic 3 200 Answer

• Which of the following suprarenal structures
  produces mineralocorticoids, steroid hormones
  that affect the electrolyte composition of body
  fluids?
• a. zona reticularis
• b. zona glomerulosa
• c. adrenal medulla
• d. zona fasciculata

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26
Topic 3 300 Question

• What term is used to indicate the entire group of
  related steroids, including calcitriol,
  cholecalciferol, and various intermediaries?
• a. vitamin A
• b. vitamin D
• c. vitamin C
• d. eicosanoid

ANSWER
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27
Topic 3 300 Answer

• What term is used to indicate the entire group of
  related steroids, including calcitriol,
  cholecalciferol, and various intermediaries?
• a. vitamin A
• b. vitamin D
• c. vitamin C
• d. eicosanoid

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28
Topic 3 400 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  endocrine pancreas is false?
• a. Two major arteries supply blood to the
  pancreas, the pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic
  arteries.
• b. Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) only
  account for about one percent of the pancreatic
  cell population.
• c. Venous blood from the pancreas returns to the
  hepatic vein.
• d. None of the above is false.

ANSWER
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29
Topic 3 400 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  endocrine pancreas is false?
• a. Two major arteries supply blood to the
  pancreas, the pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic
  arteries.
• b. Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) only
  account for about one percent of the pancreatic
  cell population.
• c. Venous blood from the pancreas returns to the
  hepatic vein.
• d. None of the above is false.

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30
Topic 3 500 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  cell types in pancreatic islets is true?
• a. Alpha cells produce insulin.
• b. F cells produce somatostatin.
• c. Beta cells produce glucagon.
• d. None of the above.

ANSWER
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31
Topic 3 500 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  cell types in pancreatic islets is true?
• a. Alpha cells produce insulin.
• b. F cells produce somatostatin.
• c. Beta cells produce glucagon.
• d. None of the above.

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32
Topic 4 100 Question

• Which of the following syndromes occurs as a
  result of overproduction of thyroxine?
• a. Cushings disease
• b. Graves disease
• c. Addisons disease
• d. gigantism

ANSWER
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33
Topic 4 100 Answer

• Which of the following syndromes occurs as a
  result of overproduction of thyroxine?
• a. Cushings disease
• b. Graves disease
• c. Addisons disease
• d. gigantism

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34
Topic 4 200 Question

• Polyuria is a principal symptom of which
  underproduction syndrome?
• a. diabetes mellitus
• b. myxedema
• c. Addisons disease
• d. diabetes insipidus

ANSWER
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35
Topic 4 200 Answer

• Polyuria is a principal symptom of which
  underproduction syndrome?
• a. diabetes mellitus
• b. myxedema
• c. Addisons disease
• d. diabetes insipidus

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36
Topic 4 300 Question

• Excessive breakdown of tissue proteins and lipid
  reserves, and impaired glucose metabolism are
  principal symptoms of which overproduction
  syndrome?
• a. Graves disease
• b. Cushings disease
• c. Addisons disease
• d. hyperparathyroidism

ANSWER
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37
Topic 4 300 Answer

• Excessive breakdown of tissue proteins and lipid
  reserves, and impaired glucose metabolism are
  principal symptoms of which overproduction
  syndrome?
• a. Graves disease
• b. Cushings disease
• c. Addisons disease
• d. hyperparathyroidism

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38
Topic 4 400 Question

• Gynecomastia is an overproduction syndrome
  associated with which hormone?
• a. mineralocorticoids
• b. estrogens (female)
• c. androgens (male)
• d. glucocorticoids

ANSWER
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39
Topic 4 400 Answer

• Gynecomastia is an overproduction syndrome
  associated with which hormone?
• a. mineralocorticoids
• b. estrogens (female)
• c. androgens (male)
• d. glucocorticoids

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40
Topic 4 500 Question

• Diabetes insipidus develops when the ____ no
  longer releases adequate amounts of ____.
• a. neurohypophysis, antidiuretic hormone
• b. neurohypophysis, oxytocin
• c. kidneys, renin
• d. adenohypophysis, antidiuretic hormone

ANSWER
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41
Topic 4 500 Answer

• Diabetes insipidus develops when the ____ no
  longer releases adequate amounts of ____.
• a. neurohypophysis, antidiuretic hormone
• b. neurohypophysis, oxytocin
• c. kidneys, renin
• d. adenohypophysis, antidiuretic hormone

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42
Topic 5 100 Question

• Which of the following pancreatic hormones
  targets all cells except those of the brain,
  kidney, digestive tract epithelium, and red blood
  cells?
• a. pancreatic polypeptide
• b. somatostatin
• c. insulin
• d. glucagon

ANSWER
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43
Topic 5 100 Answer

• Which of the following pancreatic hormones
  targets all cells except those of the brain,
  kidney, digestive tract epithelium, and red blood
  cells?
• a. pancreatic polypeptide
• b. somatostatin
• c. insulin
• d. glucagon

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44
Topic 5 200 Question

• Which of the following hormones is a powerful
  antioxidant that may help protect CNS tissues
  from toxins generated by active neurons and glial
  cells?
• a. progesterone
• b. thymosin
• c. growth hormone
• d. melatonin

ANSWER
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45
Topic 5 200 Answer

• Which of the following hormones is a powerful
  antioxidant that may help protect CNS tissues
  from toxins generated by active neurons and glial
  cells?
• a. progesterone
• b. thymosin
• c. growth hormone
• d. melatonin

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46
Topic 5 300 Question

• Progestins (especially estradiol) are
  reproductive hormones released by which
  structures/cells?
• a. corpus luteum of ovaries
• b. nurse cells
• c. follicular cells of ovaries
• d. interstitial cells

ANSWER
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47
Topic 5 300 Answer

• Progestins (especially estradiol) are
  reproductive hormones released by which
  structures/cells?
• a. corpus luteum of ovaries
• b. nurse cells
• c. follicular cells of ovaries
• d. interstitial cells

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48
Topic 5 400 Question

• ____ cells of the testes secrete ____, which
  targets most cells of the body.
• a. nurse, inhibin
• b. interstitial, androgens
• c. nurse, androgens
• d. interstitial, inhibin

ANSWER
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49
Topic 5 400 Answer

• ____ cells of the testes secrete ____, which
  targets most cells of the body.
• a. nurse, inhibin
• b. interstitial, androgens
• c. nurse, androgens
• d. interstitial, inhibin

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50
Topic 5 500 Question

• Inhibin primarily targets the ____ and inhibits
  secretion of ____.
• a. posterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• b. anterior lobe of pituitary gland, luteinizing
  hormone (LH)
• c. anterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• d. posterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  luteinizing hormone (LH)

ANSWER
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51
Topic 5 500 Answer

• Inhibin primarily targets the ____ and inhibits
  secretion of ____.
• a. posterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• b. anterior lobe of pituitary gland, luteinizing
  hormone (LH)
• c. anterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• d. posterior lobe of pituitary gland,
  luteinizing hormone (LH)

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52
FINAL ROUND Question

• Regarding the suprarenal glands, which of the
  following statements is/are true?
• a. The renal veins carry blood away from the
  suprarenal glands.
• b. Branches of the renal artery, the superior
  phrenic artery, and the middle suprarenal artery
  supply blood to each suprarenal gland.
• c. Suprarenal glands are retroperitoneal
  (posterior to peritoneal lining).
• d. b and c

ANSWER
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53
FINAL ROUND Answer

• Regarding the suprarenal glands, which of the
  following statements is/are true?
• a. The renal veins carry blood away from the
  suprarenal glands.
• b. Branches of the renal artery, the superior
  phrenic artery, and the middle suprarenal artery
  supply blood to each suprarenal gland.
• c. Suprarenal glands are retroperitoneal
  (posterior to peritoneal lining).
• d. b and c

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