Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster

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California Seismic Safety Commission June 23,
2005 San Francisco The December 26, 2004 Indian
Ocean Tsunami Disaster Tsunami Safety Committee
Meeting
Giant MW 9.3 Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Five
Months Later Physical Impact Lessons for Utility
Systems
Lloyd S. Cluff Director Earthquake Risk
Management Pacific Gas and Electric Company San
Francisco, California
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Host, Maksalmina Mex, Home of Parents Sanusi
Wahab
Japanese Team (JETT C. Scawthorn)
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26 December 2004 MW 9.3 Sumatra Earthquake
Tsunami
Andaman Islands

• Physical Impact (shaking and tsunami)
• Houses and buildings
• Electric system
• Gas petroleum facilities
• Transportation facilities

Sumatra
MW 9.3 12/26/2004
Singapore
Bathymetric Map
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Areas Affected by the Tsunami of December 26,
2004
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General Summary of Earthquake and Tsunami Impacts

• Widespread tsunami impacts affecting 11 countries
• Earthquake shaking damage (moderate to collapse)
  to tall buildings in Sumatra
• People not able to walk due to earthquake shaking
  effects
• Tsunami impacts to Sumatra were devastating
• Almost all routinely constructed houses and
  buildings destroyed (obliterated) by tsunami
  impacts
• Almost all well designed and constructed houses,
  buildings, and industrial facilities survived
  tsunami impacts without structural damage
• Flooding of all houses, buildings, and industrial
  facilities caused minor to severe damage
• Almost all people not able to escape tsunami
  impact perished some miraculously escaped with
  minor injuries

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Setting of the 12/26/04 MW 9.3 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Local Time 0759 Earthquake
epicenters (yellow Star and Dots) indicate the
area of the fault rupture and tsunami source.
Red lines are plate boundaries.
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Tsunami Generation From Giant Earthquake
Subduction Zones (Generic)
Alternate tsunami source interpretations for near
shore sources impacting Sumatra
Modified from Atwater,
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Phuket, Thailand Wave Run-up Heights
Phuket
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Sumatra

• Multiple Tsunami
• Sources for Sumatra
• Subduction front
• Splay faults
• Submarine landslides

Map Base from Kerry Sieh Cal Tech
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Map Estimate of Intensity of Shaking
12/26/04
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Shaking Damage
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Collapsed Wing of Finance Dept Building
3-story collapse
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Close-up Finance Dept Building Collapse
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Shaking Damage
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(No Transcript)
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Poorly designed and constructed tall
(gt3-story) concrete frame buildings seriously
damaged to collapse
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Electric Company (PLN) Headquarters Building
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Traditional Construction Poorly Reinforced
Concrete Frame with Unreinforced Brick Infill
Walls
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(No Transcript)
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Sumatra Tsunami Wave Runup Heights-(12 to 40 m)
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Tsunami Inundation Impact Map
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UN Russian Helicopter
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Banda Aceh Aerial View
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(No Transcript)
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Tsunami Damage
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(No Transcript)
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Boats moved 1 to 5 Km by Tsunami Impact
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The Miracle Boat of Banda Aceh
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Miraculous Emergency Response
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Two of the Survivors
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Tsunami Inundation Impact
Intact Mosque
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Banda Aceh Mosque
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Hospital steel-reinforced concrete frame with
unreinforced brick infill-walls
Earthquake Shaking and Tsunami Damage
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Aerial View of Banda Aceh Grand Mosque
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Banda Aceh Grand Mosque
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December 30, 2004
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Five Months Later
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Downtown Banda Aceh
12/26/05
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Refugee Camp and Intact Village Mosque
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Tsunami flow height
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(No Transcript)
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Rebuilding on same Foundation Slab
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Building Damaged and Intact
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Another Mosque Survived Tsunami Impact
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Destroyed Mosque Under Construction
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Refugee Camps Five Months Later
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(No Transcript)
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Villagers Clearing Site for 180 Houses
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Mass of Mangled Vehicles
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(No Transcript)
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Relevance to North America

• Alaska
• British Columbia, Washington, Oregon
• California
• Community Facilities
• PGE Diablo Canyon Power Plant
• PGE Humboldt Bay Power Plant
• Other PGE Facilities

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Tsunami Damage to Critical Infrastructure Faci
lities
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Lhokseumawe LNG Facilities (Undamaged)
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Subsidence
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Subsidence
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Earthquake Induced Coastal Submergence (tectonic
and compaction)
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Subsidence
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Liquefaction
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Coastal Subsidence
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(No Transcript)
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Subsidence
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SAVE ACEH!!
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Tsunami Inundation Impact
Harbor/Dock Barge/PP
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3 Km
Barge-mounted 12-Mw power plant
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Barge-Mounted 12 Mw Power Plant
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Electric Distribution System
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PLN Electric System Emergency Response Team
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Electric Distribution
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Calang Power Plant (small 1-Mw plant destroyed)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Pertamina Facilities (Banda Aceh)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Sumatran Coffee at Its Best
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Tsunami Arrival Time (Banda Aceh)
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SumatraTsunamiTravel Distances(5 min.
intervals)
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Earthquake MagnitudevsTsunami Runup
Height(38 events)After G. Plafker
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Rope Connecting Tug and Barge, A Practical Joke
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Tsunami Inundation Flow Height
38.9 m
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La Farge Cement Plant
Overturned cement ship
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La Farge Cement Plant and Dock
Plant
Coal Barge Tug Boat
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Diablo Canyon Power Plant
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1964 Mw 9.2
1957 Mw 9.1
1946 Mt 9.3
1952 Mw 9.0
1963 Mw 8.5
1958 Mw 8.3
DCPP
1960 Mw 9.5
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Tsunami Storm Swell Impact on Coastal Central
California 1905-1983

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(No Transcript)
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1964 MW 9.2 Alaska Earthquake Tsunami Source
Modified after Plafker 1967
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Cascadia Tectonic Framework
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Synchronous Rupture of Cascadia Subduction and
Little Salmon Faults
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(No Transcript)
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Tsunami Evaluation
Gary Carver HSU
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Cascadia Subduction Zone Tsunami Source
Decades of Terror Model
Apocalyptic Model
M 8.8
Modified after
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Tanks anchored and full
Maximum projected tsunami flow height (42 ft.)
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King Salmon and Humboldt Bay Power Plant
King Salmon
Down
Active fault
Down
Up
Evacuation site
Up
Spent Fuel site Elevation 44 ft.

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Cascadia Tsunami 1/26/1700 Animation, Kenji
Sataki
HBPP
DCPP