THE BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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• THE BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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• the axial skeleton 80 bones of the head, neck,
  trunk
• the appendicular skeleton 126 bones of the
  pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
  lower limbs

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THE PECTORAL GIRDLE?

• 2 clavicles 2 scapula
• supports the upper limbs, provides muscles
  attachment

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THE PECTORAL GIRDLE?

• clavicles collarbones
• S shape
• articulate with the manubrium of the sternum
  the scapulae

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THE PECTORAL GIRDLE?

• scapulae shoulder blades
• broad, triangular bones
• articulate with the clavicles the humerus

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THE PECTORAL GIRDLE?

• glenoid cavity a depression where the head of
  the humerus fits

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• humerus location upper arm
• extends from the scapula to the elbow
• head fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
• articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• radius location forearm
• on the thumb side between the elbow wrist
• articulates with the humerus, ulna, wrist

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• ulna forearm
• longer than the radius, overlaps the humerus
• articulates with the radius

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• carpals wrist
• 8 bones 2 rows of four bones
• collectively called the carpus
• artilculates with the radius, ulna, metacarpals

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• 5 metacarpals palm
• distal ends form the knuckles
• numbered 1-5 starting with the thumb
• articulates with the carpals phalanges

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THE UPPER LIMBS?

• 14 phalanges fingers
• 3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb
• articulate with the metacarpals

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THE PELVIC GIRDLE?

• made of 2 coxae bones which articulate with each
  other the sacrum

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THE PELVIC GIRDLE?

• functions include support for the trunk,
  attachments for the lower limbs, protection for
  the bladder, large intestine, reproductive
  organs
• has a cup-shaped acetabulum which receives the
  head of the femur

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THE PELVIC GIRDLE?

• each coxa has 3 parts
• ilium the largest portion, upper prominence
  called the iliac crest, joins the sacrum at the
  sacroiliac joint
• ischium the lowest portion, you sit on the
  ischial tuberosities
• pubis the anterior portion, fuses at the pubic
  symphysis, the angle forms the pubic arch

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THE PELVIC GIRDLE?

• the obturator foramen is a large opening where
  nerves blood vessels pass from the spinal cord
  to the lower limbs

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THE LOWER LIMBS?
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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• femur thigh
• longest, strongest bone in the body
• extends from the hip to the knee
• head of femur fits into the acetabulum of the
  coxae
• the patella also articulates with the femur

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• Patella kneecap, a sesamoid bone

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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• tibia larger bone of the lower leg, shin
• on the medial side of the leg
• articulates with the talus of the ankle
• medial malleolus prominence on inner ankle

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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• fibula smaller bone of the lower leg
• on the lateral lower leg
• articulates with the ankle, bears no weight
• lateral malleolus prominence on outer ankle

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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• tarsals ankle
• 7 tarsal bones
• the talus is the only free moving bone of the
  ankle
• the calcaneus / heel is the largest tarsal bone

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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• metatarsals soles / arch
• numbered 1-5 starting with the big toe
• longitudinal arch transverse arch
• when arches weaken you may get flat feet

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THE LOWER LIMBS?

• phalanges toes
• 14 total, 3 in each except the big toe

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JOINTS?

• 230 in the body
• functional junctions between bones
• bind parts of the skeletal system
• make bone growth possible
• allow the skeleton to change shape during birth
• enable movement

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JOINTS?

• classified according to their degree of movement
• immovable
• slightly movable
• freely movable

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JOINTS?

• also classified according to the type of tissue
  binding bone
• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial

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FIBROUS JOINTS

• bones are tightly joined by a layer of dense
  connective tissue
• allow little or no movement
• ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-fibula

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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• bones are connected by fibrocartilage
• allow limited movement
• ex. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, 1st
  rib to sternum

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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• bones are covered with articular cartilage held
  together by a fibrous joint capsule (outer layer
  of ligaments inner layer of synovial membrane)

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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• some have menisci (shock-absorbing pads), some
  have bursae (fluid-filled sacs located between
  the skin bony prominences such as knees
  elbows)

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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• types of synovial joints
• ball-and-socket
• condyloid
• gliding
• hinge
• pivot
• saddle

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TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

• flexion / extension
• dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
• hyperextension

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TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

• abduction / adduction
• rotation / circumduction
• pronation / supination

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TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

• eversion / inversion
• retraction / protraction
• elevation / depression