ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AND BODY PLANES

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AND BODY PLANES
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• ANTERIOR
• the front of the body or body part
• 2. POSTERIOR
• the back of the body or body part

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• 3. MEDIAL
• toward the midline of the body
• 4. LATERAL
• away from the midline of the body

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• 5. SUPERIOR
• toward the top of the body or body part
• 6. INFERIOR
• toward the bottom of the body or body part

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• 7. DORSAL
• upper surface (top of foot)
• 8. VENTRAL
• bottom surface (opposite of dorsal)

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• 9. EXTERNAL
• near the surface
• 10. INTERNAL
• refers to a deeper position

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• 11. EVERSION
• turning the sole of the foot outward
• 12. INVERSION
• turning the sole of the foot inward

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• 13. ELEVATION (up)
• as in lifting the shoulder up
• 14. DEPRESSION (down)
• just the opposite as in lowering the shoulder

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• 15. PROXIMAL
• nearest to the point of attachment, origin, or
  other point of reference
• 16. DISTAL
• farthest from the point of reference
• (opposite of proximal)

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• 17. ORIGIN
• the fixed end or the attachment of a muscle
• 18. INSERTION
• muscle attachment to a bone that moves

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• 19. MAJOR
• greater or larger (Pectoralis Major)
• 20. MINOR
• lesser or smaller (Pectoralis Minor)

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• 21. FLEXTION
• movement around a transverse axis in and
  anterior-posterior plane with the angle between
  the anterior aspects of the displaced parts
  becoming smaller as in bending the forearm
  toward the upper arm at the elbow

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• 22. EXTENTION
• is the reverse movement in which the angle
  between the anterior aspects of the displaced
  parts is increased as in moving the thigh away
  from the abdomen

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• 23. ABDUCTION
• movement lateral away from the median plane
  around and anterior-posterior axis with the angle
  between the displaced parts becoming greater, as
  in lifting the arm sideward away from the body

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• 24. ADDUCTION
• is the opposite movement, as in bringing the
  arm from a sideward position back toward the
  body and thus decreasing the angle

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• 25. PRONATION
• is medial rotation of the forearm, as in
  turning the palm of the hand downward
• 26. SUPINATION
• is lateral rotation of the forearm, as in
  turning the palm of the hand upward

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• 27. PLANTAR
• ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot)
• 28. PALMAR
• ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the hand)

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• 29. HYPER
• meaning too much
• 30. MID SAGITAL or MEDIAN
• divides the body into equal and symmetrical
  right and left halves.

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• 31. ANATOMICAL POSITION
• the neutral stance of the individual
  standing, facing forward with arms at sides and
  palms facing forward
• 32. ARTICULATION
• a joint between bones, where the bones join
  together

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• 33. LIGAMENT
• band of flexible, tough, dense white fibrous
  connective tissue connecting bone to bone
• 34. TENDON
• a band of dense fibrous tissue forming the
  termination of a muscle and attaching to a bone

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• 35. CARTILAGE
• gristle, a white, semiopaque,
• non-vascular connective tissue

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