Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology

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Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology
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Sports Medicine Injuries Learning Targets

• Unit 1 Anatomical Directions and Movement
  Terminology
• I can define terminology used to describe
  anatomical locations.
• I can differentiate between the cardinal
  anatomical planes.
• I can define terminology used to describe
  anatomical movements.
• I can describe anatomical locations using correct
  medical terminology.
• I can apply anatomical movement terminology to
  specific anatomical actions.

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Anatomical Position

• Anatomical position
• Standard reference point
• Body standing erect (upright)
• Facing forward
• Arms at side
• Palms and toes directed forward

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Reference Positions

• Fundamental position
• Similar to anatomical position
• Arms more relaxed
• Palms face inward
• Relative angle
• Included angle between two segments

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Cardinal Planes

• Sagittal
• Left and right halves
• Mediolateral axis
• Midsagittal plane
• Frontal (coronal)
• Front and back halves
• Anteroposterior axis
• Transverse (horizontal)
• Upper and lower halves
• Longitudinal axis
• Many other planes exist

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• Cranial / Superior
• Caudal / Inferior

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• Anterior
• Posterior

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• Ventral
• Dorsal

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• Superficial
• Deep

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• Medial
• Lateral

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• Distal
• Proximal

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• Ipsilateral on the same side
• Contralateral on opposite sides

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Flexion Extension

• Flexion
• Decreasing joint angle
• Extension
• Increasing joint angle
• Hyperflexion
• Flexion beyond normal range
• Hyperextension
• Extension beyond normal range

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Abduction Adduction

• Abduction
• Moving away from midline
• Adduction
• Moving toward midline
• Hyperabduction
• Abduction past 180 point
• Hyperadduction
• Adduction past 0 point

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Movement Descriptors

• Circumduction
• Movement in a conic fashion
• Combination of flex, ext, abd, add, IR, ER

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Movement Descriptors

• Inversion
• Lift medial edge of foot
• Eversion
• Lift lateral edge of foot

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Movement Descriptors

• Plantarflexion
• Increase angle between foot and shank
• Dorsiflexion
• Decrease angle between foot and shank

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Movement of the Scapulae

• Elevation raising the scapula (shrug)
• Depression lowering the scapula

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Movement of the Scapulae

• Protraction move scapulae apart
• Retraction move scapulae together

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Movement of the Scapulae

• Upward rotation bottom of scapula moves away
  from trunk
• Downward rotation return to normal

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Other Movement Descriptors

• Horizontal adduction
• Combination of flexion and adduction
• Horizontal abduction
• Combination of extension and abduction

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Other Movement Descriptors

• Rotation
• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
• Right/left for head and trunk
• Shoulder or hip

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Other Movement Descriptors

• Medial/Internal Rotation rotation of the bone
  inward around the long axis of the bone

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Other Movement Descriptors

• Lateral/External Rotation rotation of the bone
  outward around the long axis of the bone

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Specialized Movement Descriptors

• Lateral Flexion
• Head or trunk only
• Example head tilts sideways

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Specialized Movement Descriptors

• Supination turn palms frontward
• Pronation turn palms backward
• Radial flexion hand toward thumb
• Ulnar flexion hand toward little finger
• Opposition Thumb to little finger

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Movement Descriptors of the Foot

• Plantarflexion
• Increase angle between foot and shank
• Dorsiflexion
• Decrease angle between foot and shank
• Inversion
• Lift medial edge of foot
• Eversion
• Lift lateral edge of foot

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Pronation and Supination of the Foot

• Pronation and supination of the feet are not the
  same as inversion and eversion
• Pronation of the foot
• Dorsiflexion at the ankle
• Eversion in the tarsals
• Abduction of the forefoot
• Supination of the foot
• Plantarflexion at the ankle
• Inversion in the tarsals
• Adduction of the forefoot

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Specialized Movement Descriptors

• Anterior Tilt
• Posterior Tilt
• Lateral Tilt

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Degrees of Freedom

• Degree of freedom
• Number of planes in which a joint has the ability
  to move
• 1 degree of freedom
• Uniaxial
• Example Elbow
• 2 degrees of freedom
• Biaxial
• Example Wrist
• 3 degrees of freedom
• Triaxial
• Example Shoulder

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Planes, Directions and Positions
Planes of Movement
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Directions and Positions
Superior
Inferior
Posterior
Anterior
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Directions and Positions
Directions and Positions
Proximal
Distal
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
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Movements/Body - Spine and Thorax, Neck
Movements of the Body
Spine and Thorax
(vertebral column)
Neck
(cervical spine)
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Movements/Body - Ribs/Thorax
Ribs/Thorax
Customize text here
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Movements/Body - Scapula
Scapula
(scapulothoracic joint)
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Movements/Body - Shoulder
Shoulder
(glenohumeral joint)
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Movements/Body - Elbow and Forearm
Elbow and Forearm
(humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
elbow,proximal and distal radioulnar joints
forearm)
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Movements/Body - Wrist
Wrist
(radiocarpal joint)
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Movements/Body - Thumb and Fingers
Thumb
(first carpometacarpal andmetacarpophalangeal
joints)
Fingers
(metacarpophalangeal, proximaland distal
interphalangeal joints)
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Movements/Body - Mandible and Pelvis
Mandible
(temporomandibular joint)
Pelvis
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Movements/Body - Hip
Hip
(coxal joint)
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Movements/Body - Knee
Knee
(tibiofemoral joint)
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Movements/Body - Ankle, Foot and Toes
Ankle, Foot and Toes
(talocrural, talotarsal, midtarsal,
tarsometatarsal,metatarsophalangeal and
interphalangeal joints)
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Types of Joints
Types of Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Saddle Joint
Ellipsoid Joint
Hinge Joint
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint