Health Test #4 Notes

1
Personal Health Care Unit

• Chapters 13-15
• Chapter 13 Lesson 1

2
Test 4

• Chapters 13-15

3
Statistics

• 9 of teens ages 14-17 reported using indoor
  tanning beds.
• 9 of high school students reported that they
  frequently used a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or
  higher.

4
Your Skin

• Skin protects you from pathogens, regulates your
  body temperature, and helps you feel sensations.
• What is the largest organ on the human body?
• THE SKIN

5
Figure 13.1 p. 357

• Epidermis the outer, thinner layer of the skin
  that is composed of living and dead cells.
• Dermis the thicker layer of the skin beneath
  the dermis that is made up of connective tissue
  and contains blood vessels and nerves.
• Melanin a pigment that gives the skin, hair,
  and iris of the eyes their color.

6
3 Main Functions of the Skin

• Protection
• Temperature Control
• Sensation
• Read p. 357 as a class!

7
Sebaceous Glands

• Sebaceous Glands structures within the skin
  that produce an oily secretion called sebum.

8
Keeping Your Skin Healthy

• A daily routine will keep your skin healthy.
• Wash your face every morning and evening with
  mild soap and water.
• Daily washing, bathing, or showering helps remove
  and slow the growth of bacteria.
• Avoid touching your face with your hands.
• Choose personal skin care products carefully.
• Eat a well-balanced diet.

9
UV Protection

• Always wear sunscreen on exposed areas of the
  skin.
• Wear protective clothing.
• Wear sunglasses.
• Avoid using tanning beds.

10
Body Piercing and Tattooing

• Piercings and tattoos are permanent.
• Both carry potential health risks because they
  break the physical barrier of the skin.

11
Skin Problems

• Acne
• Warts
• Dermatitis (Eczema)
• Fungal Infections
• Boils
• Vitiligo Read p. 360
• Moles

12
Skin Problems

• Hair Follicles sacs or cavities that surround
  the roots of the hairs.
• Melanoma the most serious form of skin cancer.

13
The ABCDs of Melanoma

• A Asymmetry
• B Border Irregularity
• C Color
• D Diameter
• Look at Figure 13.3 on p. 360 as a class.

14
Your Hair

• Your hair protects your skin from UV radiation
  and helps maintain body heat.

15
Hair Problems

• Dandruff
• Head Lice
• Read p. 361
• - Hair Problems

16
Your Nails

• Nails protect your fingers and toes.
• Keep them clean and evenly trimmed.
• Use a nail file to shape and smooth nails.

17
Healthy Teeth and Mouth

• Chapter 13 Lesson 2
• pp. 363-366

18
Your Teeth

• - Every tooth has three main parts.
• Crown
• Neck
• Root

19
Diagram of a Tooth

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20
Crown

• Crown visible part of the tooth.
• - It is protected with enamel, a hard substance
  of calcium

21
Neck

• Neck between the crown and the root of the
  tooth.

22
Root

• Root what the tooth is anchored by you cannot
  visibly see the root of your tooth.

23
Parts of a Tooth

• Peridontium the area immediately around the
  tooth.
• - Made up of the gum, peridontal ligaments, and
  the jawbone.
• - Supports the tooth and holds it together.

24
Parts of a Tooth

• Dentin layer of connective tissue that
  contributes to the shape and hardness of the
  tooth.
• Pulp the tissue that contains the blood vessels
  and nerves of the tooth.

25
Keeping Your Teeth and Mouth Healthy

• - You can make choices that help keep your teeth
  and mouth clean and healthy.
• Oral Hygiene
• - Brushing
• - Flossing

26
Tooth Decay

• Tooth decay occurs when the enamel is destroyed
  and bacteria penetrate the tooth.

27
Plaque

• Plaque a combination of bacteria and other
  particles, such as small bits of food, which
  adhere to the outside of a tooth.
• - Read p. 364 as a class.

28
Steps To Keep Your Teeth and Gums Healthy

1. Eat a well balanced diet.
2. Reduce the number of sugary drinks.
3. Brush your teeth after every meal, and floss
   daily.
4. Get regular dental check ups.
5. Wear a mouth guard when you play contact sports.
6. Avoid all tobacco products.

29
Tooth and Mouth Problems

• Neglecting your teeth can result in problems.
• Halitosis
• Peridontal Disease
• Malocclusion
• Impacted Wisdom Teeth

30
Halitosis

• Halitosis bad breath
• - Caused by
• - Eating certain foods
• - Poor oral hygiene
• - Smoking
• - Bacteria on the tongue
• - Decayed teeth
• - Gum Disease

31
Peridontal Disease

• Peridontal Disease an inflammation of the
  peridontal structures.
• Caused by
• - Bacterial Infection
• - Tartar

32
Malocclusion

• Malocclusion a misalignment of the upper and
  lower teeth.
• - Bad Bite
• Caused by
• - Crowded or extra teeth
• - Thumb sucking
• - Injury
• - Heredity

33
Impacted Wisdom Teeth

• Impacted Wisdom Teeth may need to be removed
  surgically if they are crowding or pushing on
  other teeth.

34
Review

• Plaque coats the teeth, sealing out protective
  saliva. Bacteria in plaque produce acids that
  break down tooth enamel and cause tooth decay.

35
Healthy Eyes and Ears

• Chapter 13 Lesson 3
• pp. 367-373

36
Your Eyes

• The eyes and their supporting structures are
  complex parts.
• Read p. 367 as a class.

37
Parts of the Eye

• s

38
Parts of the Eye

• The eye consists of the optic nerve and three
  layers of the eyeball.
• Other Parts
• Sclera
• Cornea
• Choroid, Iris, and Pupil
• Retina
• Lens

39
Sclera

• Sclera the white part of the eye.
• - Composed of tough, fibrous tissue that protects
  the inner layers of the eye.

40
Cornea

• Cornea a transparent tissue that bends and
  focuses light before it enters the lens.
• - At the front of the eye

41
Choroid, Iris, and Pupil

• Choroid a thin structure that lines the inside
  of the sclera.
• Iris colored portion of the eye that contains
  the pupil.
• Pupil the hole through which light reaches the
  inner eye.

42
Retina

• Retina the inner layer of the eye wall.
• -Contains millions of light sensitive cells
  called rods and cones.
• - Rods dim light
• - Cones bright light

43
Lens

• Lens helps refine the focus of images in the
  retina.
• - Behind the iris and the pupil

44
Aqueous Humor

• Aqueous Humor a watery fluid that provides
  nutrients to the eye.

45
Vision

• When light passes through the cornea, pupil, and
  lens to reach the retina, an image forms.
• - Read p. 369 as a class.

46
Keeping Your Eyes Healthy

• Making healthy choices will keep your eyes
  healthy.
• Follow a well-balanced eating plan.
• Protect your eyes.
• Rest your eyes regularly.
• Get regular eye exams.

47
Your Ears

• The inner, middle, and outer ear work together so
  you can hear.
• 3 main parts
• Outer Ear
• Middle Ear
• Inner Ear

48
The Ear

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49
The Outer Ear

• Outer Ear the visible part of the ear.
• Channels sounds waves
• Includes the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

50
The Middle Ear

• Middle Ear made up up of 3 small bones
• - Auditory Ossicles 3 small bones linked
  together that connect the eardrum to the inner
  ear.

51
The Inner Ear

• Inner Ear consists of the cochlea, the
  vestibule, and the semicircular canal.
• Read p. 371 as a class.
• Also known as LABYRINTH

52
Keeping Your Ears Healthy

• Caring for your ears helps prevent irritation,
  injury, infection, and damage to the ears, as
  well as hearing loss.

53
Preventing Hearing Loss

• Exposure to loud noises can lead to temporary and
  sometimes permanent hearing loss.
• A. Conductive Hearing Loss
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Tinnitus
• Read p. 373 as a class

54
The Skeletal System

• Chapter 14 Lesson 1
• pp. 382-386

55
How the Skeletal System Works

• The skeletal system consists of bones and
  connective tissue.
• Your skeletal system consists of 206 bones!

56
Skeletal System Functions

1. Providing support for the body
2. Protecting internal tissues and organs from
   damage.
3. Acting as a framework for attached muscles.
4. Allowing movement of limbs and digits.
5. Producing new red and white blood cells.
6. Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and
   phosphorous.

57
Bones

• Bones are made up of living tissues formed into
  different layers.

58
Bone Shapes

• s

59
Connective Tissue

• 3 Types
• Cartilage
• Ligaments
• Tendons

60
Cartilage

• Cartilage a strong, flexible connective tissue
  that can act as a cushion between 2 bones to
  reduce friction.
• Ossification process by which bone is formed,
  renewed, and repaired.

61
Ligament

• Ligament a band of fibrous, slightly elastic
  connective tissue that attaches one bone to
  another.
• Attach bone to bone

62
Tendon

• Tendon fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the
  bone.
• Muscle to bone

63
Joints

• Joints points at which bones meet.
• Types
• Ball and Socket Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Ellipsoidal Joint
• Plane Joint
• Saddle Joint

64
Types of Joints

• s

65
Caring for the Skeletal System

• A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and
  regular check ups are ways to care for your
  skeletal system.

66
Skeletal Disorder

• Scoliosis a lateral or side to side curvature
  of the spine.

67
Understanding Skeletal Problems

• Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system.
• Fractures
• Injuries to Joints
• Repetitive Motion Injury

68
Fractures

• Fracture any type of break in a bone.
• Types
• Compound
• Simple
• Hairline
• Transverse
• Comminuted
• Read p. 384 Fractures as a class!

69
Injuries to Joints

• Joint Injuries
• Dislocation
• Torn Cartilage
• Bursitis
• Bunions
• Arthritis
• Read p. 384 Injuries to Joints as a class.

70
Repetitive Motion Injury

• Repetitive Motion Injury prolonged, repeated
  movements such as sewing or computer work can
  damage tissues.
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when ligaments
  and tendons in the wrist swell, causing numbness,
  a tingling sensation, and weakness in the hand.

71
Random Fact

• Your bones continue to grow, both in length and
  in thickness, until approximately age 25. At
  this age bones usually stop growing, but may
  continue to thicken. p. 385

72
The Muscular System

• Chapter 14- Lesson 2
• pp. 387-391

73
What Muscles Do

• The muscular system allows for voluntary and
  involuntary movements.
• Like rubber bands, muscles are elastic they
  stretch to allow a wide range of motion. Your
  muscular system allows you to move.

74
How Muscles Work

• Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can
  shorten and stretch to make muscles move.

75
Types of Muscles

• Types of Muscles
• Smooth Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle

76
Smooth Muscle

• Smooth Muscles muscles that act on the lining
  of the bodys passageways and hollow internal
  organs.
• Examples
• Found in the digestive tract, urinary bladder,
  and lining of blood vessels.
• Involuntary

77
Skeletal Muscles

• Skeletal Muscles muscles attached to bone that
  cause body movements.
• Flexor a muscle that closes a joint.
• Extensor a muscle that opens a joint.

78
Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac Muscle a type of striated muscle that
  forms the wall of the heart.
• -The heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000
  times each day to pump blood throughout the body.
• Involuntary

79
Caring for Your Muscles

• Eating a healthy diet and getting regular
  exercise will help you care for your muscular
  system.

80
Caring for Your Muscles

• Ways to maintain muscle tone
• Get regular exercise.
• Eat high protein foods.
• Practice good posture to strengthen your back
  muscles.
• Use proper equipment and wear appropriate
  clothing to protect muscles during physical
  activity.
• Warm up properly and stretch before and after
  exercising.

81
Understanding Muscular Problems

• Caring for the muscular system can help prevent
  health problems and injuries.
• Bruises usually occur from a blow to the body.
• Strains/Sprains results when muscles are
  partially torn from overexertion.
• Tendinitis the inflammation of a tendon (from
  injury or overuse).

82
Understanding Muscular Problems

• Hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes
  through an area of weak muscle.
• -Usually occur in the abdomen
• Muscular Dystrophy an inherited disorder in
  which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively
  destroyed.
• -There is no cure!

83
The Nervous System

• Chapter 14 Lesson 3
• pp. 392-399

84
How the Nervous System Works

• Your nervous system is a complex network that
  allows communication between the brain and parts
  of the body.
• Read p. 392 as a class.

85
Understanding Neurons

• Neurons transmit messages from the brain and
  spinal cord to the rest of the body.
• Neurons nerve cells

86
Neuron

• 3 Parts to a Neuron
• Cell Body contains the nucleus, which regulates
  the production of proteins within the cell.
• Dendrites branched structures that extend from
  the cell body.
• Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body.

87
The Nerve Impulse

• s

88
The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system is made up of the
  brain and the spinal cord.

89
Spinal Cord

• Spinal Cord a long column of nerve tissue about
  the thickness of your index finger.
• Read p. 394 The Central Nervous System

90
The Brain

• Brain coordinates and controls the activities
  of the nervous system.
• Functions
• -Thinking
• -Remembering
• -Reasoning
• -Feeling
• -Coordinating Movement

91
Sections of the Brain

• Sections of the Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain Stem

92
Cerebrum

• Cerebrum the largest and most complex part of
  the brain.
• Function
• -Center of consciousness, thought, learning, and
  memory.

93
Cerebrum

• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Read p. 394-395 about the different LOBES.

94
Diagram of the Lobes

• s

95
Cerebellum

• Cerebellum the second largest part of the
  brain.
• Function
• -Coordinates the movement of skeletal muscles.
• -Maintains the bodys posture and balance.

96
Brain Stem

• Brain Stem a 3 inch long stalk of nerve cells
  and fibers that connect the spinal cord to the
  rest of the brain.

97
Brain Stem

• 5 Parts
• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Read p. 396 on The Brain Stem

98
The Brain Stem

99
Peripheral Nervous System

• The peripheral nervous system is made up of the
  nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord.
• 2 Parts
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System

100
Autonomic Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System deals with involuntary
  functions such as digestion and heart rate.
• 2 Parts
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic

101
Sympathetic Nervous System

• Sympathetic Nervous System kicks in when you
  are startled this is the fight or flight
  response.

102
Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Parasympathetic Nervous System opposes the
  action of the sympathetic nervous system by
  SLOWING body functions.

103
Somatic Nervous System

• Somatic Nervous System involves voluntary
  responses that are under your control such as
  your eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

104
CNS vs. PNS Chart

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CNS vs. PNS
105
Caring for Your Nervous System

• Making healthful choices can protect your nervous
  system from injury.
• Eat a well-balanced diet
• Exercise regularly
• Get enough sleep

106
Problems of the Nervous System

• Headaches
• Head Injuries
• Spinal Injuries
• Meningitis
• Read p. 398-399 as a class.

107
Epilepsy

• Epilepsy a disorder of the nervous system that
  is characterized by recurrent seizuressudden
  episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in
  the brain.

108
Cerebral Palsy

• Cerebral Palsy a group of neurological
  disorders that are a result of damage to the
  brain before, during, or just after birth or in
  early childhood.

109
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

• Chapter 15 Lesson 1
• pp. 408-415

110
Why the Blood Circulates

• The cardiovascular system provides the oxygen,
  carries away wastes, and helps fight disease.
  p. 408

111
Heart

• Functions of the HEART
• Carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body.
• Absorbing nutrients from food and delivering
  nutrients to body cells.
• Carrying carbon dioxide, and waste gas, from your
  cells back to your lungs.
• Delivering waste products to the kidneys for
  removal from the body.
• Helping white blood cells fight disease by
  attacking infections organisms.

112
How Blood Circulation Works

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart,
  blood, and blood vessels.
• Fun Fact
• If all of your blood vessels were laid end to
  end, they would stretch over 60,000 miles.
  Thats enough to circle the earth almost two and
  a half times.

113
The Heart

• Heart muscle that makes the cardiovascular
  system work.
• Parts of the Heart
• Atria
• Ventricles
• Septum
• Read p. 409 as a class The Heart.

114
Picture of the Heart

• ads

115
Pulmonary Circulation

• Pulmonary Circulation the process by which
  blood moves between the heart and the lungs.
• - During this process, blood that has lost oxygen
  and picked up carbon dioxide and wastes receives
  fresh oxygen in the lungs.

116
Blood

• Blood the fluid that delivers oxygen, hormones,
  and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste.

117
Components of Blood

• Plasma the fluid in which other parts of the
  blood are suspended.
• -About 55 of total blood volume.
• -Mainly water but also contains other nutrients,
  proteins, salts, and hormones.

118
Components of Blood

• Red Blood Cells make up about 40 of normal
  blood.
• -Hemoglobin the oxygen carrying protein in the
  blood.

119
Components of Blood

• White Blood Cells protect the body against
  infection.

120
Components of Blood

• Platelets types of cells in the blood that
  cause blood clots to form.
• Fun Fact
• All humans have one of four types of blood
• A, B, AB, and O

121
Blood Vessels

• 3 Types of Blood Vessels
• Arteries- carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the
  heart.
• Capillaries carry blood from arterioles to
  small venules which empty into veins.
• Veins - blood vessels that return blood to the
  heart.

122
How Lymph Circulation Works

• The lymphatic system helps fight infection and
  provides immunity to disease.

123
The Lymphatic System

• Lymph the clear fluid that fills the spaces
  around the body cells.
• Pathogen a microorganism that causes disease.

124
Types of Lymphocytes

• 2 Types of Lymphocytes
• B Cells
• T Cells

125
Lymph Nodes

• Lymph Nodes small bean-shaped organs found in
  lymph vessels. White blood cells within lymph
  nodes trap and destroy pathogens.

126
Maintaining Your Circulatory Health

• Healthy habits can help protect the health of the
  cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
• Eat a well-balanced diet.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Participate in regular aerobic exercise.
• Avoid secondhand smoke and tobacco.
• Avoid illegal drugs.
• Get regular medical checkups.

127
Blood Pressure

• Blood Pressure a measure of the amount of force
  that the blood places on the walls of blood
  vessels, particularly large arteries as it is
  pumped through the body.

128
Blood Pressure

• Includes 2 Numbers
• Systolic Pressure the pushing of the blood into
  your arteries at its maximum pressure.
• Diastolic Pressure the pressure at its lowest
  point when your ventricles relax.

129
Healthy Blood Pressure

• A healthy persons blood pressure will vary
  within a normal range of below 120/80.
• Exercise and stress will raise blood pressure.
• Blood pressure that is above 140/90 is considered
  high blood pressure.

130
Cardiovascular System Problems

• Some cardiovascular problems are inherited
  others result from illness, diet, or aging.
• Disorders
• Congenital Heart Defects
• Heart Murmurs
• Varicose Veins
• Anemia
• Hemophilia
• Leukemia
• Read p. 414

131
Lymphatic System Problems

• Problems of the lymphatic system can range from
  mild to life-threatening.
• Disorders
• Tonsillitis
• Immune Deficiency
• Hodgkins Disease
• Read p. 415

132
The Respiratory System

• Chapter 15 Lesson 2
• pp. 416-421

133
What Happens During Respiration

• The respiratory system provides oxygen to the
  blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

134
Respiration

• External Respiration oxygen moves from the
  lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide moves
  from the blood into the lungs.
• Internal Respiration oxygen moves from the
  blood into the cells, and carbon dioxide moves
  from the cells into the blood.

135
How Respiration Works

• The respiratory system consists of the lungs,
  trachea, and diaphragm.
• Diaphragm muscle that separates the chest from
  the abdominal cavity.

136
Respiratory System

• Trachea the windpipe.
• Bronchi the main airways that reach into the
  lungs.

137
The Lungs

• Lungs the principal organs of the respiratory
  system.

138
Maintaining Respiratory Health

• Caring for your lungs can prevent many
  respiratory disorders.
• -Single MOST IMPORTANT decision you can make is
  not to smoke.
• Read p. 419 Maintaining Your Respiratory Health
  as a class.

139
Respiratory System Problems

• Problems of the respiratory system can be mild,
  such as a cold, or serious and even life
  threatening.
• Sinusitis
• Bronchitis
• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Emphysema

140
Sinusitis and Bronchitis

• Sinusitis an inflammation of the tissues that
  line the sinuses, air filled cavities above the
  nasal passages and throat.
• Bronchitis an inflammation of the bronchi in
  the lungs.

141
Asthma

• Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the
  trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles become
  narrowed, causing difficulty breathing.

142
Pneumonia

• Pneumonia an inflammation of the lungs commonly
  cause by a bacterial or viral infection.

143
Tuberculosis and Emphysema

• Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial
  infection that usually affects the lungs.
• Emphysema a disease that progressively destroys
  the walls of the alveoli.

144
The Digestive System

• Chapter 15 Lesson 3
• pp. 422-428

145
What Happens During Digestion

• In digestion, foods are broken down and absorbed
  as nourishment or eliminated waste.
• 3 Phases of Digestion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Elimination
• Read p. 422 as a class.

146
How Digestion Works

• The digestive system consists of the mouth,
  esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

147
How Digestion Works

• Teeth break the food you eat into smaller
  pieces.
• Mastication process of chewing, which prepares
  food to be swallowed.
• Salivary Glands produce digestive juices.
• Tongue prepares chewed food for swallowing by
  shaping it.

148
The Esophagus

• Esophagus muscular tube about 10 inches long
  that connects the pharynx with the stomach.
• Peristalsis a series of involuntary muscle
  contractions that moves food through the
  digestive tract.

149
The Stomach

• Stomach hollow, sac-like organ enclosed in a
  wall of muscles.
• Functions
• Mixing foods with gastric juices.
• Storing partially digested food and liquid.
• Moving food into the small intestine.

150
Gastric Juices Bile

• Gastric Juices secretions from the stomach
  lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin,
  an enzyme that digests protein.
• Bile a yellow-green, bitter fluid important in
  the breakdown and absorption of fats.
• -Produced in the liver

151
Small Intestine

• Small Intestine is 20-23 feet in length and 1
  inch in diameter.
• 3 Parts
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• 90 of all nutrients are absorbed through the
  small intestine.

152
Large Intestine

• Large Intestine (colon) is 5 to 6 feet long and
  about 2.5 inches in diameter the undigested
  parts of the food fiber, or roughage pass
  into this.
• Function
• Absorb water, vitamins, and salts, and to
  eliminate wastes.

153
Digestive System Problems

• Digestive problems range from indigestion to
  acute conditions that require immediate medical
  attention.
• Functional Problems
• Indigestion
• Constipation
• Heartburn
• Read p. 426

154
Digestive System Problems

• Structural Problems
• Tooth Decay
• Gastritis
• Peptic Ulcer
• Gallstones
• Lactose Intolerance
• Appendicitis

155
Digestive System Problems

• Structural Problems
• Colon Cancer
• Hemorrhoids
• Crohns Disease
• Cirrhosis

156
Peptic Ulcer and Appendicitis

• Peptic Ulcer a sore in the lining of the
  digestive tract.
• Appendicitis an inflammation of the appendix.

157
The Excretory System

• Chapter 15 Lesson 4
• pp. 429-433

158
How Excretion Works

• The excretory system uses several organs to
  remove all types of wastes from the body.
• The body produces wastes in the form of solids,
  liquids, and gases.

159
Excretion

• Lungs expel carbon dioxide when you exhale.
• Skin sweating occurs to remove excess water and
  salt through the pores.
• Large Intestine solid wastes are eliminated
  through this.

160
Excretion

• Liver removes toxins from the blood.
• First organ to receive chemicals absorbed from
  the small intestine.

161
Urinary System

• Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureter
• Bladder

162
The Kidneys

• Kidneys bean shaped organs about the size of a
  fist remove waste products from the blood.
• Nephrons the functional filtering units of the
  kidney.

163
The Ureters

• Ureters tubes that connect the kidney to the
  bladder.
• Each ureter is about 8-10 inches long. Muscles
  in the ureter wall tighten and force urine away
  from the kidneys to the bladder.

164
The Bladder and Urethra

• Bladder a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic
  cavity that stores urine.
• Stores 2 cups of urine for about 2-5 hours
  comfortably.
• Urethra the tube that leads from the bladder to
  the outside of the body.

165
Kidney Diagram

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166
Maintaining Excretory Health

1. Drink at least 8 cups of water each day.
2. Limit your intake of caffeine and soft drinks.
3. Follow a well-balanced eating plan.
4. Practice good hygiene.
5. Get regular medical check ups.

167
Excretory System Problems

• Excretory system problems commonly result from
  infection or blockage.
• Cystitis inflammation of the bladder.
• Urethritis inflammation of the urethra.

168
Kidney Problems

• Kidney Problems
• - Nephritis
• Kidney Stones
• Uremia
• Read p. 432 as a class.

169
Kidney Failure

• Kidney Failure occurs when the kidneys lose their
  ability to function.
• Hemodialysis a technique in which an artificial
  kidney machine removes waste products from the
  blood.