water

1
water
2
Sources of water
Surface water sources
Subsurface water source
rain
springs
Infiltration galleries
Infiltration wells
Lakes and pond
Rivers and streams
Impounding reservoirs
Deep Well Shallow wells
Gravity wells pressure wells
Artesian springs
Shallow springs
Surface spring
Open wells Tube wells Driven wells
3
Physical parameters
4
Suspended solids
5
Chemical characteristics to assess the quality
of water
hardness
Dissolved solids
alkalinity
flurides
metals
nutrients
organics
6
Purification of water
Natural
artifical
Self purification of natural water system
On large scale
On small scale
Household purification water
Disinfection of wells
filtration
storage
disinfection
filtration
chemicals
boiling
Slow sand filtration
Rapid sand filtration
Chlorinated lime
Chlorine tablets
iodine
Chlorination
ozonation
u.v radiation
7
Slow sand filters
Raw water
--
Fine sand
Fine gravel
Coarse sand
Coarse gravel
Inlet chamber
Filter media
Central drain
Outlet with filter control devices
filteredwater
Lateral drain
Under drainage system
outlet
8
Rapid sand filtration
Mixing of coagulation with water by mixing devices
Addition of coagulant
Raw water
Slow and gentle stirring for 30 minutes
Sedimentation water detained for 2-6hours
Filtration of water
Filtered water
9
0.1ml reagent(o-tolidine)
1mlof water
Yellow colour
No yellow colour
Yellow colour
After 10 sec
Free chlorine present
freecombine chlorine present
Absence ofchlorine
10
1/4of tablet of 0.5g
1 tablet (0.5g)
5 litres
20 liters of water
Disinfection of water
11
disinfection

• Criteria for disinfection
• At low cost
• Capability to kill pathogens
• Residual sterilizing effect
• Purify water so that it iscapabale to humans

12
Stages of treatment with chlorine

• Pre chlorination before filtration
• Post chlorination after filtration
• Double chlorination both pre and post
• Plain chlorination in reservoirs and underground
• Break point chlorination amount of chlorine
  added in water.

13
Orthotolidine test

• Super chlorination large amount of chlorination
  is needed
• Orthotolidine test
• articles required culture tube droper
• Reagent orthotodiline, in 10 hcl, water

14
Small scale purification

• Filtration
• boiling

15
Chemical disinfection

• Chlorinated lime
• Iodine
• Chlorine solution
• Perchloron
• Chlorine tablets

16
Disinfection of wells

• Calculate the dosage of bleaching powder of
  water
• 2. Diameter of well
• 3. Depth of watercoloum
• Formula is 3.14(diameter of well)2 dept of
  water well/4 1000

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Hole (1cm)
3cm
Mixture of bleaching powder with coarse sand and
moistioned
Outer pot
Inner pot
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Inner pot
Outer pot
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Programmes and legislation

• 1856. river board act
• 1954,national water supply and sanitation
  programme
• 1972,accelerated rural water supply programme
• 1974,water pollution act
• Fifth five year plan (1974-78)
• 1981, government of india