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Review Skeletal Anatomy Test

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Title: Review Skeletal Anatomy Test


1
Class Topics
Title Anat Phys 10/31/06
Objectives
  • To learn about bone physiology.
  • Review Skeletal Anatomy Test
  • Notes
  • Skeletal Physiology
  • "We are an intelligent species and the use of our
    intelligence quite properly gives us pleasure. In
    this respect the brain is like a muscle. When it
    is in use we feel very good. Understanding is
    joyous.
  • Carl Sagan, 1979

Friday, November 20, 2020 122 PM
2
Class Assignments
By When
What
  • Due this class period
  • Due next class period
  • Due in the future

3
Functions of the Skeletal System
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Storage of Calcium
  • Blood Cell formation

4
Parts of a long bone
  • Diaphysis
  • shaft of the bone
  • Epiphysis
  • ends of bones
  • Periosteum
  • Dense irregular connective tissue lining the
    bones
  • Articular cartilage
  • Hyaline lining the joint

5
Diaphysis
  • Made of compact bone
  • Very strong and limited open space within
  • Easily broken w/stress against long axis
  • Yellow marrow
  • Used to store fat (make blood cells in extreme
    conditions)
  • found in medullary cavity
  • hollow region of compact bone
  • Lined with endosteum (thin dict membrane)

6
Epiphysis
  • Spongy bone (cancellous)
  • thin layer of compact bone covering it
  • more open spaces - like lattice
  • Resists stress from many directions
  • Red Marrow - Myeloid tissue
  • Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells
  • erythropoiesis
  • lymphopoiesis

7
Walden Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862)
  • I went to the woods because I wished to live
    deliberately, to front only the essential facts
    of life, and see if I could not learn what it had
    to teach, and not, when I came to die, to
    discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to
    live what was not life, living is so dear nor
    did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was
    quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck
    out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily
    and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was
    not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close,
    to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its
    lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why
    then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it,
    and publish its meanness to the world or if it
    were sublime, to know it by experience, and to be
    able to give a true account of it in my next
    excursion.
  • Dead Poets Society

8
Bone Composition
  • Bones are composed of bone tissue, cartilage,
    dense connective tissue, blood-forming tissue,
    blood vessels, and nerves
  • Bone tissue (matrix)
  • organic
  • collagen
  • inorganic
  • hydroxyapatite

9
Hydroxyapatite
  • Mineral crystals made from
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • 2/3 of total weight of bone
  • very hard and not very flexible

10
Bone Cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • found within periosteum
  • Actively produce matrix
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts that are trapped within the matrix
  • trapped in lacunae
  • Osteoclasts
  • wander the tissue
  • dissolve the mineral salts of matrix

11
Microscopic Structure of Bone
  • Lacunae
  • spaces where the osteocytes reside
  • Lamellae
  • thin sheets of matrix in which the lacunae are
    found
  • form circles around haversian canals or osteonic
    canals
  • Haversian canals
  • parallel to long axis of compact bone
  • contain blood vessels

12
Microscopic Structure of Bone (cont.)
  • How does the blood get from the vessel to the
    osteocytes?
  • Canaliculi
  • Each system around a haversian canal is called an
    osteon or haversian system
  • osteocytes, lacuna, canaliculi, lamellae

13
Microscopic Structure of Bone (cont.)
  • Volkmanns canals
  • blood vessels that run perpendicular to the long
    axis of the bone
  • connect osteons
  • Spongy bone
  • trabeculae - thin plates (beams) of bone
  • leaving space for red marrow

14
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16
From http//www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes
/API20Notes20H20Skeletal20System.htm
From http//www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/c
analicl.jpg
17
Bone Development and Growth
  • Intramembranous Bones
  • start formation 5th week after conception
  • in between two embryonic membranes
  • precursor (stem) cells turn to osteoblasts
  • Spongy bone on the inside and compact on the
    outside

18
Bone Development and Growth
  • Examples
  • flat bones of skull
  • mandibles
  • clavicles
  • Endochondral bones
  • all other bones except those that are
    intramembranous
  • Starts 6th week after conception

19
Endochondral Bones
  • Precursor cells change into chondroblasts
  • forms hyaline cartilage
  • template of skeletal system in cartilage
  • Blood vessels penetrate cartilage
  • stimulate chondroblasts to osteoblasts

20
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22
From http//www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/xrays/
1wrist/hanpelu.html
23
Endochondral Bones
  • Primary ossification center
  • center of diaphysis
  • 1st place osteoblasts begin to work
  • Work out toward each epiphysis
  • 2ndary ossification center
  • epiphysis
  • forms spongy bone down to epiphyseal plate

24
Intersititial Growth (length)
  • Occurs at epiphyseal plate
  • chondrocytes divide and move material toward
    epiphysis
  • Closer to the diaphysis older cartilage converts
    to bone - increase length of diaphysis
  • Chondrocytes stop growing when acted upon by
    hormones from the pituitary gland

25
Interstitial Growth
  • Epiphyseal line
  • old epiphyseal plate in those that have ceased
    growth

26
Appositional Growth (width)
  • Osteoblasts lay down bone on surface
  • Osteoclasts dissolve bone
  • Osteoblasts work harder than osteoclasts
  • weight bearing exercise

27
Bone Remodeling
  • Continually broken down and built back up
  • every 30 years each bone is completely renewed
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