Emotions

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Emotions
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Lecture contents

• Basic emotions
• E.g., Izards DET
• Two emotion/motivation frameworks
• E.g., Carver Whites BIS/BAS scales
• Emotion regulation

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Izards Differential Emotions Theory (DET)

• Each basic (discrete) emotion has three
  components
• Neural
• Motor-expressive
• Mental

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Izard et al. (1993)

• How often in your daily life do you mothers in
  the first 3 years after childbirth feel

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Five features of emotions (Izard et al., 1993)

• 1) Motivational
• Selective perception
• Cognition selecting
• 2) Continuity and stability
• 3) Individual difference threshholds/personalities
  
• 4) Networks with other emotions, e.g.,
  sadness-anger
• 5) Networks with cognition-netweorks (I.e.,
  schema)
• 6) Situation-emotion-cognition links ? Action
  tendencies
• ? Personality traits

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Behavioural Approach/Inhibition Systems BIS/BAS
Carver White (1994)

• Centrality of positive/approach and
  negative/avoidance.
• Positive and negative affect as independent
  dimensions (as individual difference variables).

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Russells (1980) Circumplex model of affect
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Gross (1999) 5 features of emotion regulation

• 1) Individual differences in situation selection.
• 2) Situation modification.
• 3) Attentional deployment.
• 4) Meaning construal.
• 5) Emotion expression modulation.

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Lazarus Folkman (1984)
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Learn how to relax
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Ways of coping scale (revised)(Folkman et al.,
1986)

• Confrontive Coping
• Stood my ground and fought for what I wanted.
• Distancing
• Made light of the situation Refused to get too
  serious about it.
• Self-Controlling
• I tried to keep my feelings to myself.
• Seeking Social Support
• Talked to someone to find out more about the
  situation.
• Accepting Responsibility
• Criticised or lectured myself.
• Escape-Avoidance
• Wished that the situation would go away or
  somehow be over with.
• Planful Problem Solving
• I knew what had to be done, so I doubled my
  efforts to make things work.
• Positive Reappraisal
• Changed or grew as a person in a good way.

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COPE(Carver et al., 1989)

• Problem focused coping
• Active coping
• Planning
• Suppression of competing activities
• Restraint coping
• Seeking of instrumental social support
• Emotion focused coping
• Seeking of emotional social support
• Positive reinterpretation
• Acceptance
• Denial
• Turning to religion
• Arguably less useful strategies (in this study)
• Focus on and venting of emotions
• Behavioural disengagement
• Mental disengagement

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More on Lazarus on coping and stress

• Central role of appriasal means normative and
  idiosyncratic aspects.
• Coping appraisals and strategies each have
  individual differences and situation-specific
  aspects.
• Can all occur at conscious and/or unconscious
  levels.
• Affected by learning/experience.
• Coping is effortful.

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Traumatic writing(Pennebaker et al., 1988)

• 20 min writing for 4 days on trauma or trivial
  topic.

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