Title: Energy Efficiency in Green Building Design
1Energy Efficiency in Green Building Design
- Phil Voss, Senior Project Leader, NREL
- August 6, 2008
2Schools utilize significant resources addressing
energyuse and facility maintenance
- K-12 spend 8 billion annually on energy,
electricity (63) and natural gas (29), oil
(7), district heat (3) costs rising Second
largest cost after personnel - 1,000 new schools built annually
- Average school is 42 years old renovations are
becoming necessary and commonplace - Estimated 60 billion over next 3 years for new
construction, and retrofits - In 2002, 47 of nations school districts
renovated or retrofitted facilities - In 2005, 21.6 billion spent on school
construction 12.8 billion new, 5 billion
additions, and 3.9 billion renovations
An enormous opportunity to reduce energy bills
for the long term and to make schools a healthier
place to learn by considering energy when building
3How can we build schools smarter? What
characteristicsdo schools that are models of
smart energy use have?
- Serve as safe havens
- Viewed as round-the-clock community centers
- Incorporate high-performance building design
- Include energy-efficient technologies and
strategies - Building would provide hands-on learning for
energy education/curriculum - Include alternative fuel transportation
- Generate energy on-site using renewable energy
systems
4U.S. DOE Energy Smart Schools Program
- Vision for the Future of Schools
- Increase energy efficiency in new school
construction and major reconstruction by 50 - Create more comfortable, productive, and
healthier spaces for learning and working - Provide opportunities for dynamic, interactive
lessons on energy efficiency and renewable energy - Supply off-grid power and back-up power
- Replace diesel- and gasoline-fueled buses with
cleaner alternatives
5Energy Efficiency Strategies
- New Construction
- Major Renovations and Retrofits
- Energy Management Programs
6Designing Energy Efficient Schools
- Advanced Energy Design Guide
- Provides guidelines for designing and building
energy efficient schools - Schools would have minimum 30 energy savings
over current code - Accounts for different climates (and gives
climate-specific recommendations) - No unproven technologies focuses on
cost-effective solutions and off-the-shelf
technologies - Minimal first cost increase if guide is used
throughout design process - Developed in partnership with ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA,
USGBC
7Advanced Energy Design Guide breaks down each
aspect of the design process to help designers
identify how to maximize energy savings
- Louisiana Climate Zones Recommendations
- Provides criteria for insulating values for
walls, roofs, doors, windows, ducts - Outlines minimum HVAC efficiencies
- Specifies Lighting Power Densities (i.e. max. 0.9
W/sq.ft.)
8Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficient Design
- Process Recommendations
- Select experienced and innovative design team
- Include performance goals in SOW
- Develop quantifiable goals
- Document in Owners Project Requirements / Basis
of Design - Hire a Commissioning Agent prior to design
- Use an integrated design approach
- Owners, Cx Agents, all design disciplines,
end-users involved in all phases of design - Energy modeling to optimize energy efficiency
- Plan for preventive maintenance (PM)
- Train facility operators and occupants
9Consider Design/Planning Charrette
- Cooperative environment for decision makers
- Intense effort to identify and address issues in
a short time - Listen and understand needs and limitations
- Envision realistic and creative solutions
- Record ideas as they are introduced
- Effectively express ideas in a plan to serve as a
vehicle to move the process forward - Owner well-defined goals (OPR)
10Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficiency Strategies
- Optimize daylighting to full possible extent
- Building orientation, photocell controls with
dimmable ballasts - Reduces lighting and cooling loads
- Daylight glass and view glass are not the same
- Efficient lighting design
- Lighting Power Density lt 1 W/ft2
- Pendant direct/indirect
- Occupancy sensors, auto night shut-off
- Dedicated outdoor air treatment
- Energy Recovery Ventilator or Demand-Controlled
Ventilation - Centralize exhaust zones for energy recovery
11Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficiency Strategies
- Efficient, tight envelope
- Appropriate, well-installed insulation
- Low-e, low-SHGC windows (esp. east/west facing)
- Shading for south facing windows
- Light colored roof
- High efficiency HVAC with optimized control
system - Balance with maintenance concerns
- Size properly, incorporate strategies for
variable loads - Energy star appliances and office equipment
- Use energy modeling iteratively to identify and
reduce loads, and optimize efficiency of design
12Successful model energy schools exist today
- Homewood Middle School, Homewood, AL
- LEED-Certified
- Low cost - 121/sq-ft
- Optimized Energy Performance
- High-Performance Windows
- Daylighting/Energy Efficient Lighting
- Efficient Heating and Air Conditioning
- Indoor Environmental Quality
- Air quality Monitored Temp/Humidity/Ventilation
- Daylight Views
- 36 Energy Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999
13Energy efficient schools give noticeable results
- Caywood Elementary School in Edgewood, KY
- Features an extensive daylighting strategy that
resulted in - Annual Energy Savings of 50,000
- An Energy Budget that is 50 lower than other
schools in the district
14Major Renovations and Retrofits
- Major Renovations Present Opportunities
- Utilize AEDG as much as possible
- Integrated design approach, Commissioning, Energy
modeling - Consider extent of renovation, and how
layout/design changes may impact energy use - Explore options beyond like-for-like
- HVAC efficiency, sizing and system design
- Lighting redesign
- Daylight harvesting
- Room layout, etc.
15Major Renovations and Retrofits
- Retrofit Strategies
- An energy auditor can identify Energy
Conservation Measures - Measures can be implemented individually, but may
be best as a single project - Can be prioritized based on simple payback or
lowest cost, but consider other benefits as well
16Major Renovations and Retrofits
- Some Common ECM Retrofits (in order of cost /
benefit) - HVAC controls
- Night setbacks, optimal start/stop, chilled/hot
water temp. reset - Weatherization
- Weather-stripping, repair broken windows
- Lighting upgrades
- T12 -gt T8, HIDs -gt T5, CFLs, occupancy sensors
- Harvest daylight when possible
- De-lamp vending machines
- Solar water heating
- Domestic HW or pre-heat for boiler / furnace
17Major Renovations and Retrofits
- HVAC equipment
- Replace old equipment with high efficiency
equipment - Premium efficiency motors
- Variable speed drives for motors and pumps
- Window replacement
- Low-e, low SHGC, insulating glass
- Reflective films are a less expensive option if
installed correctly - Plug loads
- Energy Star office equipment and appliances
- Install Vending Misers on vending machines
- Replace CRTs with LCD monitors
18Energy Audit Example
- International School of Louisiana, New Orleans
- Energy audit performed fall 2007
19Energy Management Programs
- Proactive OM programs ensure buildings remain
high-performing - Can substantially reduce annual energy cost
- Gross generalization 5 - 20
- Extends equipment life and minimizes unexpected
failures - Policy should be set at district or state level
- Implement strategies to support policy
20Energy Management Program Options
- Low/No Cost
- Quick, simple fixes - minimal cost, low to
moderate impact - Education and Awareness
- Low cost, moderate impact with persistent efforts
- Energy Tracking and Accounting
- High cost (staff time required), high impact
- Regular Preventive Maintenance
- Low to moderate cost, moderate to high impact
21Example - St. Tammany Parish Schools
- Set a Goal of 10 Energy Savings
- Focus on Low/no-cost measures
- 2-person energy team (teacher and maintenance
person) - Educate to change behavior - turn off lights when
you walk out of the room - Verify HVAC/lighting control settings
- Energy Star Portfolio Manager - Monthly reports
to schools (vs. baseline) - managed by Admin.
Asst. - Community is very Supportive
- Use bond issue to install central HVAC/Lighting
Controls
22Example - St. Tammany Parish Schools (contd)
- Contract with Schools for Energy Efficiency
(SEE) - 4-year program to develop low/no cost approach
- Provides posters, manuals, webinars, etc.
- 14 Energy Savings in 2007-08 School Year
- gt1 Million energy savings
- Offering incentives to schools with the greatest
savings - Will involve students in 2008-09 school year
23Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options
- New School Construction
- All Energy Efficiency upgrades can be cost
neutral when an integrated design approach is
used - LEED Silver can be achieved cost-effectively
- School Renovations and Retrofits
- Energy Savings Performance Contracting
- Revolving Energy Efficiency Fund
- States and local districts have created a variety
of funding programs
24Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options for renovations/retrofits
- Energy Savings Performance Contracting
- Energy Service Company provides energy audit,
design, installation, and financing
implementation and service costs are repaid over
time from guaranteed energy savings - LA has ESPC authority through state legislation
- LA DNR administered award winning ESPC program
for schools multiple parishes participated - Johnson Controls performed ESPC for OPSD mid-90s
basic lighting, some HVAC, some controls - Oversight by LA Office of Contractual Review -
http//www.doa.state.la.us/ocr/ESPC.htm
25Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options for renovations/retrofits
- Creation of Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund
- How this could work
- Detailed energy/indoor environment audit for
local district - Audit would support funding request local
district provides 25 of capital funding,
revolving fund provides remainder as a low- or
no-interest loan - 50 of the annual savings accrues to the
district, the remaining 50 is reinvested in the
fund to finance future EE upgrades - Seed fund established with bond issue, state
surplus, grant funding, etc.
26Additional Resources
- U.S. Dept. of Energy - Energy Smart Schools
- http//www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energysmarts
chools - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Education
- http//www1.eere.energy.gov/education
- Energy Star
- www.energystar.gov (Buildings Plants)
27Additional Resources
- Collaboration for High Performance Schools
- http//www.chps.net
- National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities
(NCEF) - http//www.edfacilities.org
- ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides
- http//www.ashrae.org/publications/page/1604
28Final Thoughts
- Energy conservation and efficiency is affordable
now, and more affordable over time - Select AE firms who demonstrate innovation and
experience with energy efficient design - Use an integrated design approach to optimize
energy efficiency and LEED rating - Choose trade-offs between LEED categories wisely
- A comprehensive OM and Energy Management Plan
ensures sustained savings and performance
29Contact Information
- Phil Voss National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) - Philip_Voss_at_nrel.gov (504) 528-8428
- Joe Ryan nola Energy Consulting (contractor to
NREL) - nolaec_at_cox.net (504) 528-8425
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