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Energy Efficiency in Green Building Design

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Title: Energy Efficiency in Green Building Design


1
Energy Efficiency in Green Building Design
  • Phil Voss, Senior Project Leader, NREL
  • August 6, 2008

2
Schools utilize significant resources addressing
energyuse and facility maintenance
  • K-12 spend 8 billion annually on energy,
    electricity (63) and natural gas (29), oil
    (7), district heat (3) costs rising Second
    largest cost after personnel
  • 1,000 new schools built annually
  • Average school is 42 years old renovations are
    becoming necessary and commonplace
  • Estimated 60 billion over next 3 years for new
    construction, and retrofits
  • In 2002, 47 of nations school districts
    renovated or retrofitted facilities
  • In 2005, 21.6 billion spent on school
    construction 12.8 billion new, 5 billion
    additions, and 3.9 billion renovations

An enormous opportunity to reduce energy bills
for the long term and to make schools a healthier
place to learn by considering energy when building
3
How can we build schools smarter? What
characteristicsdo schools that are models of
smart energy use have?
  • Serve as safe havens
  • Viewed as round-the-clock community centers
  • Incorporate high-performance building design
  • Include energy-efficient technologies and
    strategies
  • Building would provide hands-on learning for
    energy education/curriculum
  • Include alternative fuel transportation
  • Generate energy on-site using renewable energy
    systems

4
U.S. DOE Energy Smart Schools Program
  • Vision for the Future of Schools
  • Increase energy efficiency in new school
    construction and major reconstruction by 50
  • Create more comfortable, productive, and
    healthier spaces for learning and working
  • Provide opportunities for dynamic, interactive
    lessons on energy efficiency and renewable energy
  • Supply off-grid power and back-up power
  • Replace diesel- and gasoline-fueled buses with
    cleaner alternatives

5
Energy Efficiency Strategies
  • New Construction
  • Major Renovations and Retrofits
  • Energy Management Programs

6
Designing Energy Efficient Schools
  • Advanced Energy Design Guide
  • Provides guidelines for designing and building
    energy efficient schools
  • Schools would have minimum 30 energy savings
    over current code
  • Accounts for different climates (and gives
    climate-specific recommendations)
  • No unproven technologies focuses on
    cost-effective solutions and off-the-shelf
    technologies
  • Minimal first cost increase if guide is used
    throughout design process
  • Developed in partnership with ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA,
    USGBC

7
Advanced Energy Design Guide breaks down each
aspect of the design process to help designers
identify how to maximize energy savings
  • Louisiana Climate Zones Recommendations
  • Provides criteria for insulating values for
    walls, roofs, doors, windows, ducts
  • Outlines minimum HVAC efficiencies
  • Specifies Lighting Power Densities (i.e. max. 0.9
    W/sq.ft.)

8
Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficient Design
  • Process Recommendations
  • Select experienced and innovative design team
  • Include performance goals in SOW
  • Develop quantifiable goals
  • Document in Owners Project Requirements / Basis
    of Design
  • Hire a Commissioning Agent prior to design
  • Use an integrated design approach
  • Owners, Cx Agents, all design disciplines,
    end-users involved in all phases of design
  • Energy modeling to optimize energy efficiency
  • Plan for preventive maintenance (PM)
  • Train facility operators and occupants

9
Consider Design/Planning Charrette
  • Cooperative environment for decision makers
  • Intense effort to identify and address issues in
    a short time
  • Listen and understand needs and limitations
  • Envision realistic and creative solutions
  • Record ideas as they are introduced
  • Effectively express ideas in a plan to serve as a
    vehicle to move the process forward
  • Owner well-defined goals (OPR)

10
Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficiency Strategies
  • Optimize daylighting to full possible extent
  • Building orientation, photocell controls with
    dimmable ballasts
  • Reduces lighting and cooling loads
  • Daylight glass and view glass are not the same
  • Efficient lighting design
  • Lighting Power Density lt 1 W/ft2
  • Pendant direct/indirect
  • Occupancy sensors, auto night shut-off
  • Dedicated outdoor air treatment
  • Energy Recovery Ventilator or Demand-Controlled
    Ventilation
  • Centralize exhaust zones for energy recovery

11
Hot/Humid Climate Energy Efficiency Strategies
  • Efficient, tight envelope
  • Appropriate, well-installed insulation
  • Low-e, low-SHGC windows (esp. east/west facing)
  • Shading for south facing windows
  • Light colored roof
  • High efficiency HVAC with optimized control
    system
  • Balance with maintenance concerns
  • Size properly, incorporate strategies for
    variable loads
  • Energy star appliances and office equipment
  • Use energy modeling iteratively to identify and
    reduce loads, and optimize efficiency of design

12
Successful model energy schools exist today
  • Homewood Middle School, Homewood, AL
  • LEED-Certified
  • Low cost - 121/sq-ft
  • Optimized Energy Performance
  • High-Performance Windows
  • Daylighting/Energy Efficient Lighting
  • Efficient Heating and Air Conditioning
  • Indoor Environmental Quality
  • Air quality Monitored Temp/Humidity/Ventilation
  • Daylight Views
  • 36 Energy Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999

13
Energy efficient schools give noticeable results
  • Caywood Elementary School in Edgewood, KY
  • Features an extensive daylighting strategy that
    resulted in
  • Annual Energy Savings of 50,000
  • An Energy Budget that is 50 lower than other
    schools in the district

14
Major Renovations and Retrofits
  • Major Renovations Present Opportunities
  • Utilize AEDG as much as possible
  • Integrated design approach, Commissioning, Energy
    modeling
  • Consider extent of renovation, and how
    layout/design changes may impact energy use
  • Explore options beyond like-for-like
  • HVAC efficiency, sizing and system design
  • Lighting redesign
  • Daylight harvesting
  • Room layout, etc.

15
Major Renovations and Retrofits
  • Retrofit Strategies
  • An energy auditor can identify Energy
    Conservation Measures
  • Measures can be implemented individually, but may
    be best as a single project
  • Can be prioritized based on simple payback or
    lowest cost, but consider other benefits as well

16
Major Renovations and Retrofits
  • Some Common ECM Retrofits (in order of cost /
    benefit)
  • HVAC controls
  • Night setbacks, optimal start/stop, chilled/hot
    water temp. reset
  • Weatherization
  • Weather-stripping, repair broken windows
  • Lighting upgrades
  • T12 -gt T8, HIDs -gt T5, CFLs, occupancy sensors
  • Harvest daylight when possible
  • De-lamp vending machines
  • Solar water heating
  • Domestic HW or pre-heat for boiler / furnace

17
Major Renovations and Retrofits
  • HVAC equipment
  • Replace old equipment with high efficiency
    equipment
  • Premium efficiency motors
  • Variable speed drives for motors and pumps
  • Window replacement
  • Low-e, low SHGC, insulating glass
  • Reflective films are a less expensive option if
    installed correctly
  • Plug loads
  • Energy Star office equipment and appliances
  • Install Vending Misers on vending machines
  • Replace CRTs with LCD monitors

18
Energy Audit Example
  • International School of Louisiana, New Orleans
  • Energy audit performed fall 2007

19
Energy Management Programs
  • Proactive OM programs ensure buildings remain
    high-performing
  • Can substantially reduce annual energy cost
  • Gross generalization 5 - 20
  • Extends equipment life and minimizes unexpected
    failures
  • Policy should be set at district or state level
  • Implement strategies to support policy

20
Energy Management Program Options
  • Low/No Cost
  • Quick, simple fixes - minimal cost, low to
    moderate impact
  • Education and Awareness
  • Low cost, moderate impact with persistent efforts
  • Energy Tracking and Accounting
  • High cost (staff time required), high impact
  • Regular Preventive Maintenance
  • Low to moderate cost, moderate to high impact

21
Example - St. Tammany Parish Schools
  • Set a Goal of 10 Energy Savings
  • Focus on Low/no-cost measures
  • 2-person energy team (teacher and maintenance
    person)
  • Educate to change behavior - turn off lights when
    you walk out of the room
  • Verify HVAC/lighting control settings
  • Energy Star Portfolio Manager - Monthly reports
    to schools (vs. baseline) - managed by Admin.
    Asst.
  • Community is very Supportive
  • Use bond issue to install central HVAC/Lighting
    Controls

22
Example - St. Tammany Parish Schools (contd)
  • Contract with Schools for Energy Efficiency
    (SEE)
  • 4-year program to develop low/no cost approach
  • Provides posters, manuals, webinars, etc.
  • 14 Energy Savings in 2007-08 School Year
  • gt1 Million energy savings
  • Offering incentives to schools with the greatest
    savings
  • Will involve students in 2008-09 school year

23
Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options
  • New School Construction
  • All Energy Efficiency upgrades can be cost
    neutral when an integrated design approach is
    used
  • LEED Silver can be achieved cost-effectively
  • School Renovations and Retrofits
  • Energy Savings Performance Contracting
  • Revolving Energy Efficiency Fund
  • States and local districts have created a variety
    of funding programs

24
Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options for renovations/retrofits
  • Energy Savings Performance Contracting
  • Energy Service Company provides energy audit,
    design, installation, and financing
    implementation and service costs are repaid over
    time from guaranteed energy savings
  • LA has ESPC authority through state legislation
  • LA DNR administered award winning ESPC program
    for schools multiple parishes participated
  • Johnson Controls performed ESPC for OPSD mid-90s
    basic lighting, some HVAC, some controls
  • Oversight by LA Office of Contractual Review -
    http//www.doa.state.la.us/ocr/ESPC.htm

25
Implementation Strategies for EE and RE
Financing Options for renovations/retrofits
  • Creation of Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund
  • How this could work
  • Detailed energy/indoor environment audit for
    local district
  • Audit would support funding request local
    district provides 25 of capital funding,
    revolving fund provides remainder as a low- or
    no-interest loan
  • 50 of the annual savings accrues to the
    district, the remaining 50 is reinvested in the
    fund to finance future EE upgrades
  • Seed fund established with bond issue, state
    surplus, grant funding, etc.

26
Additional Resources
  • U.S. Dept. of Energy - Energy Smart Schools
  • http//www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energysmarts
    chools
  • Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Education
  • http//www1.eere.energy.gov/education
  • Energy Star
  • www.energystar.gov (Buildings Plants)

27
Additional Resources
  • Collaboration for High Performance Schools
  • http//www.chps.net
  • National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities
    (NCEF)
  • http//www.edfacilities.org
  • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides
  • http//www.ashrae.org/publications/page/1604

28
Final Thoughts
  • Energy conservation and efficiency is affordable
    now, and more affordable over time
  • Select AE firms who demonstrate innovation and
    experience with energy efficient design
  • Use an integrated design approach to optimize
    energy efficiency and LEED rating
  • Choose trade-offs between LEED categories wisely
  • A comprehensive OM and Energy Management Plan
    ensures sustained savings and performance

29
Contact Information
  • Phil Voss National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    (NREL)
  • Philip_Voss_at_nrel.gov (504) 528-8428
  • Joe Ryan nola Energy Consulting (contractor to
    NREL)
  • nolaec_at_cox.net (504) 528-8425

30
  • QUESTIONS?
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