PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

1
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS VITAL SIGNS, HEIGHT AND
WEIGHT DR. JAY SHAHED
2
Height

• 1 foot 12 inches
• 4 feet 48 inches
• 5 feet 60 inches
• 6 feet 72 inches
• 7 feet 84 inches

3
Example

• How many feet are in 54 inches?
• 48 inches is the closest number below 54 which s
  equal to 4 feet
• Therefore 54-48 6 inches
• 54 inches 4 6

4
Weight

• 1 lb. 0.45 kg
• 1kg 2.2 lb..

5
Facts

• To convert from Lb. to kg
• Multiply by 0.45 kg.
• Example
• calculate how many kg is a 50 lb.. baby? 50 x
  0.45 22.5 lb..

6

• To convert from Kg to Lb.
• we must multiple by 2.2 lb..
• Example
• change the weight of a 70 kg man into
  pounds. 70 kg x 2.2 lb.. 154 lb..

7
Temperature
8
Temperature

• Male Females Time Normal
  Temperature
• Oral 3 min. 98.6 F
• Rectal 5 min. 99.6 F
• Axillary 10 min. 97.6 F

9

• Formula
• F(9/5 x C) 32
• Formula
• C 5/9 (F-32)

10
Example

• Convert 30? C to ?F
• F 9/5 x 30/1 32 F 270/5
  32 F 54 32 F 86?F

11
Example

• Convert 77?F to ?C
• C 5/9 x 77-32C 5/9 x 45C 25?

12
Terms

• Febrile Fever
• Afebrile No fever
• Fever (Pyrexia) gt101 F
• Thermia Temperature
• Hyperthermia High temperature (used for
  skin)
• Hypothermia Low temperature (used for
  skin)

13
Respiration rate

• Definition
• The number of breaths per minutes

14
Respiration

• Age Respiratory Rate
  
• Newborn 30-50 R/M
• 1-2 years old 20-40 R/M
• 2-10 years old 20-30 R/M
• 10-16 years old 17-22 R/M
• 16-18 years old 16-20 R/M
• Adults 16-20 R/M

15
Abnormal Sounds

• Stertor
• Snoring sound
• Stridor
• Harsh, high pitched inspiration
• Crackles
• Dry/wet intermittent hair/ear

16

• Wheezes
• High pitch whistling (muscles)
• Friction rub
• Rubbing leather
• Gurgles
• Low pitch whistling (expiration)

17
Terms

• Apnea
• No breathing
• Bradypnea
• Slow breathing
• Tachypnea
• Fast breathing
• Dyspnea
• Difficulty in breathing
• Eupnea
• Normal breathing

18

• Exhalation (Expiration)
• Breath out
• Inhalation ( Inspiration)
• Breath in
• Hyperpnea
• Increase rate and depth
• Hypopnea
• Decrease rate and depth

19

• Orthopnea
• Breathing sitting
• Biots
• Hyper/apnea
• Cheyne Stokes
• Gradual increase then decrease then stop

20

• Hyperpnea (hyperventilation)
• deep and fast breathing
• Hypopnea (hypoventilation )
• shallow and slow breathing

21
Pulse rate

• Definition
• The number of heart beats per minute

22
Pulse

• Pulse Rates Male FemaleBirth 130-16
  0 B/M Infants 110-130 B/M Child lt 7yr
  10 80-120 B/M Child gt 7 yr. 10 80-90
  B/M Adults 60-80 B/M Elderly 60-90
  B/M

23
Pressure points

• Definition
• The different sites in the body where arteries
  passes superficially by the skin and be able to
  feel the pulsation of the blood flow every time
  the heart pumps.

24
Pressure point sites

• Temporal in front of the ear
• Carotid neck
• Brachial arm
• Radial wrist
• Femoral inner thigh
• Apical Left chest
• Popliteal behind the knee
• Pedal Dorsalis dorsal of the foot

25
Pulse Pressure

• Definition
• Is the pressure of the blood in the arteries
• PP Systole - Diastole
• e.g 120mmHg - 80mmHg 60mmHg

26
Irregularities

• Bounding Pulse
• Increase volume (strong)
• Thready
• Decrease (faint)
• Alternating
• Weak and strong
• Bigeminal
• 2 strong pulses then skip
• Intermittent
• Alternate skips

27
Blood Pressure

• Definition
• The pressure of the
  blood against the
  walls of the arteries

28
Physiological factors

• Blood volume
• The amount of blood that exist in the arteries.
• Plasma/cells ratio.
• The more blood the higher the pressure
• Vascular resistance
• The thickness and elasticity of the arteries
• The thicker and harder the walls, the higher the
  pressure.

29

• Arterial radius
• The size of the lumen and length of the artery
• The smaller the lumen, the higher the blood
  pressure
• Blood viscosity
• The thicker the blood, the higher the pressure

30
Blood Pressure

• Age BP
• Newborn 50/25----52/30 Male 50/25-----52/30
  Female
• 6-16 years old 95/62----118/75 Male
  95/62-----118/75 Female
• Adult 90/60-----140/90 Male 80/56------140/
  90 Female
• Elderly 90/60------146/92 Male
  90/60-------146/92 Female

31
Korotkoff Sounds

• Phase I
• First heard faint (systolic)
• Phase II
• Swishing
• Phase III
• Intense
• Phase IV
• Faint Disappear
• Phase V
• Disappear (diastolic)

32
Types of Hypertension

• Benign hypertension
• Asymptomatic
• Primary (essential) hypertension
• Idiopathic (most common)
• Secondary hypertension
• Due to a known secondary problem
• example kidney failure
• Malignant hypertension
• Fatal gt200/120)

33

• Renal hypertension
• Kidney
• Pre-eclampsia
• Pregnant woman
• Eclampsia
• Hypertension with seizures in pregnant women
• Postural ( Orthostatic Hypotension )
• changing position from laying to sitting or
  standing

34
Causes of Hypertension

• Exercise usually temporarily
• Stress, anxiety, excitement usually
  temporarily
• Rigid vessels (example arteriosclerosis)
• Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
• Hyperthyroidism increase in metabolism
• Acromegaly increase bone mass

35

• Increased weight increase pressure on heart and
  vessels
• Smoking idiopathic
• Pain increase epinephrine (vasoconstriction)
• Renal kidney damage (increase pre-renal
  pressure)
• Drugs depends on drug type
• Increase intercranial pressure increase pressure
  on brain vessels
• Increase arterial blood volume (hydration)

36
Causes of Hypotension

• Cardiac failure decrease cardiac output
• Massive heart attack decrease cardiac output
• Decrease arterial blood volume hemorrhage
• Shock decrease in blood supply to tissues
• Dehydration decrease blood volume
• Drugs dependent on drug

37

• Nervous system disorder decrease CNS blood
  supply
• Adrenal insufficiency decrease kidney blood
  supply
• Hypothyroidism decrease metabolism
• Sleep decrease cardiac work load
• Infections, fever decrease blood supply
• Cancer decrease normal blood supply
• Anemia Decrease blood volume