Title: Sustainable Development and Environment in a Globalizing World
1Sustainable Development and Environment in a
Globalizing World Opening Presentation of the
CourseOntwikkelingssamenwerking in theorie en
praktijk De VU in de Tropen Joyeeta
Gupta Institute for Environmental Studies,
Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamUNESCO-IHE Institute
for Water Education
2Structure
- Geopolitics Key features
- Environment and development the dilemmas
- Sustainability dilemmas of countries
- Globalisation and impacts
- Distribution of environmental space and the
climate change regime - Towards constructive cooperative relationships
3Geopolitics - 1 The world
- 191 UN member states
- 35 very rich countries
- The rest from very poor to high middle income
countries
The South
4Geopolitics - 2 Negotiating blocs
- G-77
- OECD
- Rest of the world
OECD
ROW
G-77
5Geopolitics - 3 Relations
- Peace (High politics)
- Environment
- Development
- Finance and debt
- Trade
- Private international law
6The key goals
- How to achieve sustainable development?
- Theory says -- by leap-frogging and learning from
past mistakes! (Mistake optimism argument
problem defined in terms of technology, easy to
correct incrementally, gives direction,
confidence in Norths leadership, reconfirms
possibility of unchanged lifestyles for rich)
N
Environmental pollution
S
Development
7Environment and development
- However
- the inverted U curve does not yet hold for global
problems, - delinking may be followed by linking,
- imitating production and consumption patterns of
the North might not solve the problem - avoiding mistakes is costly
8Demographic transition theory
Population
GDP
9Economic Take-off theory
- subsistence economies,
- transitional stage - specialization and surplus
- take-off - industrialization and investment
increases, development of political and social
institutions, - maturity, diversification, high mass consumption,
service sector dominant.
10Diverging Income Theory
Rich countries
GDP
Those in the middle
Poor countries
Time
11Political stability theory
Rich countries
Variant 1 democratic- no hunger Variant 2
dictatorial - hunger
Political stability
Poor countries
GDP
12Sustainable Development
- Present and future generations
- Economic, social and environmental
- Law of Sustainable Development
- Sustainable use
- Precautionary principle
- Equity and poverty alleviation
- Common but differentiated responsibilities
- Participation
- Good Governance
- Integration
- But what is sustainable development?
13Southern Sustainability Dilemmas
- Development modernising without westernising?
- Poverty- I surviving without squandering?
- Poverty-II begging without mortgaging?
- Privatisation-empowering private sector to solve
public problems - Ecospace equity without responsibility
- Economic short-term gain without long-term loss?
- Negotiation-I negotiate pragmatically without
being corrupted? - Negotiation-II empowering G-77 without being
weakened
14Northern Sustainability Dilemmas
- Development further development without
sacrificing? - Wealth - 1 spending without squandering?
- Wealth - 2 assisting without compensating?
- Wealth - 3 polluting without paying?
- Privatization empowering private sector to solve
public problems - Ecospace property rights or human rights
- Economic short-term gain without long-term loss?
- Negotiation-I negotiate pragmatically without
being committed?
15Globalisation
- Media coverage
- Explosion of foreign direct investment trade
- World wide web
- Integrated Financial markets
- Changing labour migration
- Common governance system
- Greater wealth for all
16But, globalisation can also lead to
Gaps, cleavage, exclusion
- Closed markets
- Disempowerment
- Debt
- Unequal treaties
- Marginalisation
- Dependence
17The polluter pays principle
- The polluter pays
- The money is used to compensate and/or clean up
the pollution - Adopted by the OECD
- Not adopted at international level
18Ecospace environmental utilisation space
- There is a limit to how much resource extraction
and resource pollution can take place
globally.The environmental utilisation space is
limited. - The question How should this limited space be
divided among countries and peoples?
19Ecospace and property rights in water
- How does one share transboundary waters?
20The key issue in the climate change regime is
- How does one allocate emission rights?
21The Climate Regime
- Key dates 1992, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005!
- Key aim
- stabilise GHG conc.
- divide responsibilities
- set up cooperative mechanisms like TOT, GEF, AIJ,
JI, CDM, ET
22Shifting paradigms
JUSSCANNZ
The EU
waiting for
waiting for
the key DCs
JUSSCANNZ
N
The South
waiting for
S
the North to
act
23Possible Instruments in the Climate Change
Negotiations
- Emissions Trading
- Joint Implementation
- Carbon Taxes
- The EU bubble
24Emission Trading theory
- Fix total emissions divide it among parties and
allow them to trade. - Effective because the total emissions are not
exceeded - Efficient because countries can sell their
excess and buy when they have shortage.
- The main problem is how to allocate among
parties - On a per capita basis
- On grandfathering basis
- On something in between
- The other problem is how feasible is it?
25Joint Implementation Theory
- Definition Allow a foreign investor to invest in
another country. The GHG emissions reduced as a
result are then attributed to the foreign
investor. This allows the foreign investor to
seek the cheapest way to reduce emissions.
- Problems
- Base lines
- How to share the credits
- Is it additional?
- Is it neo-colonialist?
26Carbon Taxes
- A tax is added on to the product. This increases
the price of the product and thus encourages
efficiency.
- The problem is that each country has different
fiscal systems and adopting a uniform carbon tax
is not very easy.
27The European Union Bubble
- The EU has adopted a common target which is then
divided among member countries. At present the
division has been influenced by the tryptich
method and bargaining.
28Current situation in the climate change regime.
- Joint Implementation among developed countries
- Clean Development Mechanism between developed and
developing countries - Emission Trading between developed countries
- The Bubble within the EU
29So
- What do you think is the most elegant, efficient
and environmentally effective method to reduce
the emissions of greenhouse gas emissions ? - If the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions
is seen as 200 units and there are 200 countries
of which 35 are developed and the rest
developing, how should the emissions be divided
among countries?
30EU and its contribution
- Plus
- emissions below 1990 levels
- potential space from some new EU countries
- Lots of policies in place, including with
stakeholders - ET internally
- Minus
- what happens if coal lobby in Germany is strong
and anti-nuclear lobby in France is strong? - What about new entrants without targets and the
right to grow of less developed EU countries? - Policies in general implemented weakly.
31India Is it making any contribution?
- Since 1990
- Liberalisation in 1991
- Unbundling of electricity boards
- Establishment of pricing Commissions
- Renewable energy programmes
- Liberalisation of cement, aluminium, iron and
steel sectors
32China Is it making any contribution?
- Has decoupled its energy use from GDP
- Is undergoing major transformations
- Is closing down small, inefficient power plants
and end-use plants - ..
33China and India Afraid to make commitments
- Data base very weak
- In a state of structural transformation
difficult to predict future - Some parts advanced, others not
34Global expenditures and priorities
- Basic education 6 B
- Cosmetics USA 8 B
- Water/san. 9 B
- Ice-cream in EU 11 B
- Repro. health 12 B
- Military 780 B
- World Bank - 21 B
- UNDP - 2 B
- UNEP - 242 M
- UNCED - 625 B
- GEF - 500 M
-
35Tragedies of Governance - 1
- Tragedy of Principles
- Gap between principles and action
- Tragedy of Over-Production
- If production increases, prices fall
- Tragedy of SAPs
- Reduce subsidies on health/education shift to
export products devalue currency - Tragedy of Food Aid Regimes
- Policies are driven by domestic policies in
powerful countries
36Tragedies of governance - 2
- Green revolution
- Increases productivity but increases costs of
inputs and has environmental impacts - Gene revolution and Pharming
- Increases shelf life, but privatises knowledge
- Tragedy of free trade
- Not free, but corporate managed
- EUs Common Agricultural Policy
- Subsidies, export subsidies, dumping
- Tragedy of fishery governance
- Subsidised fishing in distant waters
37Conclusion Towards constructive solutions
- Law Working towards rule of law globally
- Politics By developing democratic principles
globally - Society By investing in human health and
education world-wide - Economics By internalising environmental costs
- Technology By investing in new technologies
38Acknowledgements
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
for funding on the - VIDI Project Intergovernmental and Private
International Regimes Good Governance, the Rule
of Law and Sustainable Development - IDPAD ProjectAlternative Development Paths
Scope for Mobilising International Resources for
Funding the Power Sector in India