POLICY STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL

1
POLICY STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AT THE
NATIONAL LEVEL HUNGARY

• Tamás Fleischer
• Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
  Academy of Sciences
• lthttp//www.vki.hu/tfleischgt
• lttfleisch_at_vki.hugt

CORPUS The SCP Knowledge Hub First Policy Meets
Research Workshop on Sustainable Mobility Funded
by the European Commission in FP7 (except me !)
Szentendre, Hungary, 5/6 May 2011
2
Policy Strategies for (Sustainable) Mobility at
the National Level

• Hungarian Transport Policy 1996
• Hungarian National Environmental Protection
  Program Transport Sector Action Paper 1998
• Hungarian Transport Policy 2003-2015
• New Hungary Development Plan 2007 (ÚMFT)
  National Strategic Reference Framework of
  Hungary 20072013 (Date of the decision of the
  European Commission 7 May 2007)Transport
  Operational Program 2007-13 (KözOP)
• National Strategy for Sustainable Development
  (June 2007)
• National Strategy for the Climate Change (2008)
• Integrated Transport Development Strategy (EKFS)
  Green White Sub-sectorial 2007, 2008
• New Széchenyi Plan 2011 (Preliminary chapter
  title was Transit-Economy since changed)
• Széll Kálmán Plan 2011
• National Integrated Transport Strategy (2011
  starting)

3
Hungarian Transport Policy 1996

• Five strategic objectives of the Hungarian
  transport policy adopted in 1996
• (1) supporting successful integration into the
  European Union
• (2) promoting the co-operation with the
  neighbouring countries
• (3) promoting a more balanced territorial
  development of the country
• (4) protection of the human life of the built and
  the natural environment
• (5) effective and market-oriented transport
  regulation.
• While the objectives formed a well-balanced
  system of criteria, in the reality the first
  objective ( integration into the European Union )
  has got an absolute priority, in an understanding
  that above all it is the main corridors that
  serve that target.

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Dilemmas of the Central European Transport
Policy in time of the EU Enlargement

• European Interest 1 Corridors (TEN-T) in
  western Europe were based on the internal demand
  of the EU area, namely on the necessity of the
  interconnection of well developed national
  networks (Single network to the single market)
• European Interest 2 the extension of the TEN-T
  network toward the East was rather the extension
  of the east-west corridors of the TEN-T than the
  extension of the grid itself. It reflected the
  Fifteens interest rather than the overall
  interest of the enlarged European Union.
• European Interest 3 during the adaptation of
  the EU (CTP) priorities the transition countries
  overestimated the significance of the TEN-T
  (supranational) level in territorial cohesion.
  Without proper local networks the expected
  advantages can not penetrate into the local
  economy to promote cohesion good local network
  is a general interest.
• Special Interest 4 the structure/pattern of the
  inter-regional networks within Hungary follows an
  over-centralised structure that cause special
  barrier in the development of the adaptive
  capacity of the country.

5
Hungarian National Environmental Protection
Program Transport Sector Action Paper 1998

• Detailed elaboration of a sustainable transport
  policy, based on the prescription of the Fifth
  Environmental Action Program of the EU and the
  Hungarian Environmental Protection Plan based on
  it.
• The Environmental and Regional Development
  Ministry was standing behind. (Also industry,
  tourism, water, agriculture, energy Action
  Programs were elaborated)
• Non of the touched ministries accepted the Action
  Programs, or regarded it as a basis for a debate.
  Instead they considered it as if the Environment
  Ministry had exceeded its competence.

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• Table 6 Development tasks according to zoning
  and sectoral priorities

ZONESECTOR PROTECTED TRANSPOR-TATION AREAS ZONE 1 IN INNER CITIES AND THE CENRTRAL CORE OF OTHER ZONES HILLSIDE AND GREEN AREAS ZONE 2 IN INNER CITIES AND THE OUTER CIRCLES OF OTHER ZONES TRANSPORT CORRIDORS OF MIXED ZONES TRANSPORT CHANNELS IN SUBURBAN ZONES
PEDESTRIAN developing pedestrian zones and corridors developing pedestrian zones and pavement development of streets with small traffic as yards development of pedestrian corridors separated lanes next to highways f separated lanes next to highways
BICYCLE development, in pedestrian zones restrictions development, new regulations of traffic lanes development, securing traffic priorities development, new regulations of traffic lanes f separated lanes next to highways separated lanes next to highways
PUBLIC TRANSPORT differentiated restrictions by tools analysis and the improvement of services within the zone analysis, environment friendly development of transportation routes development of railway routes and diagonal connections radiant and diagonal rapid public transportation, the development of interior connection radiant and diagonal rapid public transportation, the development of interior connection
PRIVATE CARS (LOCAL DESITNATION TRAFFIC) significant restrictions differentiated by sources in tome and area restriction differentiated in time and speed limit development, the better enforcement of local interests development, the better enforcement of local interests development, PR centers development, PR centers
TRUCK TRAFFIC AND LOADING (LOCAL TRAFFIC) significant restriction by volume, time and area significant restriction by volume, time and area, night hours preferred significant restrictions, night hours preferred development of regulations on volume by time and area, restrictions development, storing and processing services development, storing and processing services
PARKING occasional restrictions, restrictions differentiated by source, time and space restrictions differentiated by sources, time and area supporting private developments, restriction on public areas development outside of road surface, on roads and pavements restrictions development, construction of PR systems development, construction of PR systems
PASSENGER TRANSIT (THROUGH TRAFFIC) prohibition prohibition significant restrictions, occasional prohibition restrictions, reducing advantages for transit development on main highways, otherwise restrictions development on main highways, otherwise restrictions
GOODS TRANSIT (THRUOGH TRAFFIC) prohibition prohibition prohibition significant restrictions and occasional prohibition development on main highways, otherwise restrictions development on main highways, otherwise restrictions

• Source The main objectives of the transportation
  development of Budapest. Fomterv, Budapest.
  August, 1994. Further developed in The Hungarian
  Transportation Policy in an Environmental Value
  System. Hungarian Transportation Club, Budapest,
  November, 1994.

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Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015
http//www.gkm.hu/data/cms18631/k_zlpol_nyomt.pdf
8
A short part of the Introduction of the transport
policy Source Magyar Közlekedéspolitika 2003
2015. Magyar Köztársaság, Budapest, 2004 március.
heighten of the text by me F.T.
Translation how is it possible to satisfy the
growing mobility needs while minimising the
harmful consequences, attain the sustainable
mobility.
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Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015

• Five strategic objectives
• Its main strategic goals have remained mainly
  unchanged since the original transportation
  policy adopted in 1996. i.e.
• improvement of the quality of the life,
  conservation of health, reduction of the
  territorial differences, increasing the traffic
  safety, protection of the built and natural
  environment
• supporting successful integration into the
  European Union
• improvement of the conditions of the contacts
  with the neighbouring countries and their
  enlargement
• aiding the implementation of the land use
  development objectives
• creation of the conditions of the efficient
  operation and maintenance with the aid of the
  regulated competition.
• Altogether 32 objectives, goals, targets, aims
  etc. appeared in the document

10
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015

• Alternative suggestion to a homogeneous form
  of the strategic objectives (5)

11
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015

• Alternative suggestion to a homogeneous form
  of the policy goals (10)

12
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015
13
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015
14
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
Hungarian Transport Policy 20032015

• Few lessons
• The objectives and goals of the transport policy
  are not clearly declared, their grouping is not
  coherent, their appearance in the document
  doesnt follow any logic of hierarchy
• Important sub-sector programs (as the one on
  motorways) were adopted by the government few
  months before the transport policy, so the most
  important decisions were already fixed.
• The strategic environmental assessment proved to
  be a useful tool, it was a pity that the
  transport policy was adopted itself before the
  finishing of the assessment.
• The harmony between the objectives of the policy
  and those of the sustainability documents
  compared was at a medium level
• The revision of the transport policy should be
  commenced without any delay.

15
New Hungary Development Plan (2007)National
Strategic Reference Framework of Hungary 20072013
Access http//www.nfu.hu/download/1770/KC396ZOP
_070712_hu.pdf
16
New Hungary Development Plan (2007)National
Strategic Reference Framework of Hungary 20072013

• Subtitle Employment and Growth
• During the preparation phase there were two
  pillars of objectives competitiveness and
  employment one the one side and sustainability
  and cohesion on the other
• In the final version the overall objectives are
  increased employment and promotion of long term
  growth
• There are also horizontal policies (3.1.4.)
  Ensuring the conditions for sustainability and
  Strengthening cohesion that have to be taken
  into consideration that is not fitted into the
  hierarchy of objectives (p. 81. in ÚMFT-en
  http//www.nfu.hu/the_new_hungary_development_plan
  _ )
• These horizontal policies have to be enforced in
  the development of both the sectors and regions
  in the New Hungary Development Plan.
  Sustainability, adjustment and equal
  opportunities between regions and within a
  region, including the requirement for equal
  treatment of women and men and non-discrimination
  as specified EU requirements have to be taken
  into consideration while concentrating on the
  above two aspects in the planning,
  implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the
  Operational Programmes and interventions.

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New Hungary Development Plan (2007)Transport
Operational Program 2007-2013

• Priority axes
• (1) Improving the international accessibility
  (rail, road) of the country and its
  region-centres (external connections)
• (2) Improvement of the regional accessibility
  (within and between regions internal provision)
• (3) Development the intermodality and transport
  infrastructure of economic centres, connection of
  transport modes (fright traffic hubs)
• (4) development of public transport in cities and
  their agglomeration (personal traffic hubs)
• It could have been the base of a good and
  reasonable program
• Instead (1) TEN corridors, (2) other motorways
  and pavement enforcement on the main roads, (the
  word rail doesnt occurs in this part)
• Nothing but the space of flows -- no care of
  space of place

18
Integrated Transport Development Strategy 2007
Access (July 2007) http//195.228.157.155/data/c
ms1393023/ekfs_0907.pdf
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Integrated Transport Development Strategy 2007

• There was a necessity to prove for the EU that
  there is a strategy behind the projects appearing
  in the Transport Operational Program
• The strategy was built around the already
  accepted projects
• Positive feature really integrated transport
  survey.
• Passenger transport
• Freight transport
• Infrastructure of the transport
• Horizontal issues (here there is a chapter
  environment too)
• Green Paper (2007), White Paper (2008),
  Sub-sector Paper

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National Strategy for the Climate Change 2008

• National Climate Change Strategy of Hungary
  20082025 http//klima.kvvm.hu/documents/14/nes_08
  0219.pdf )
• Transport scenarios were elaborated along two
  approaches
• (1) analytical approach to built up it from
  detailed bricks (emission limits, resource
  barriers, space limitations etc.)
• (2) global approach to fit scenarios to the IPCC
  scenarios gt

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IPCC scenarios (International Panel for Climate
Change)
1
A
B
2

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

22
IPCC scenarios
Global, converged, connected world
1
A
B
Local, fragmented, regional world
2

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

23
IPCC scenarios
Global, converged, connected world
1
Economic priority, efficiency, market based
world, competition
Environment, equity, participative decisions,
co-operation
A
B
Local, fragmented, regional world
2

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

24
IPCC scenarios
1
global
A
B
market
co-operation
2
regional

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

25
IPCC scenarios
1
global
A1 global marketno state intervention, global
competition,capital concentration, TNCs,
polarised world,technology development
A
B
market
co-operation
2
regional

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

26
IPCC scenarios
1
global
A1 global marketno state intervention, global
competition,capital concentration, TNCs,
polarised world,technology development
B1 global co-operationsocial and environmental
factors are important, global equity, global
redistribution, world government, centralised
lead of environment oriented and technical
development WEU
A
B
market
co-operation
2
regional

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

27
IPCC scenarios
1
global
A1 global marketno state intervention, global
competition,capital concentration, TNCs,
polarised world,technology development
B1 global co-operationsocial and environmental
factors are important, global equity, global
redistribution, world government, centralised
lead of environment oriented and technical
development WEU
A
B
market
co-operation
A2 regional marketprotectionist,
anti-globalsystem of efficient localmarkets,
based on limited range TNCs rather than
statesgood local connections
2
regional

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

28
IPCC scenarios
1
global
A1 global marketno state intervention, global
competition,capital concentration, TNCs,
polarised world,technology development
B1 global co-operationsocial and environmental
factors are important, global equity, global
redistribution, world government, centralised
lead of environment oriented and technical
development WEU
A
B
market
co-operation
B2 regional co-operationintra-regional
redistribution, equity and environment-friendly
development directed by regional institutions,
Harmony with SD principles regional production,
-trade, -employment regional institutions and
-governance.
A2 regional marketprotectionist,
anti-globalsystem of efficient localmarkets,
based on limited range TNCs rather than
statesgood local connections
2
regional

• 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

29
Transport scenarios (for Hungary) fitted
1
global
A1 global marketsustainability targets are
subordinated to efficiency, priority to supply
side infrastructure of road transport, sever
profitability criteria for public transport,
decreasing service level in space and time,
transport policy determined by lobby groups
A
B
market
co-operation
2
regional

• 2005 Background paper to Hungarian Sustainability
  Strategy

30
Transport scenarios (for Hungary) fitted
1
global
A1 global marketsustainability targets are
subordinated to efficiency, priority to supply
side infrastructure of road transport, sever
profitability criteria for public transport,
decreasing service level in space and time,
transport policy determined by lobby groups
A
B
market
co-operation
B2 regional co-operationintegrated urban,
spatial and transport policy, integrated modal
policy, innovative local shuttle services,
priority to PT, congestion price, local calming,
in rural areas integrated goods and passenger
transport
2
regional

• 2005 Background paper to Hungarian Sustainability
  Strategy

31
Transport scenarios (for Hungary) fitted
1
global
A1 global marketsustainability targets are
subordinated to efficiency, priority to supply
side infrastructure of road transport, sever
profitability criteria for public transport,
decreasing service level in space and time,
transport policy determined by lobby groups
B1 global co-operationtop-down elaborated
legal and institutional changes,support
sustainable scenarios at national and
international level, eliminate regional
inequalities
A
B
market
co-operation
B2 regional co-operationintegrated urban,
spatial and transport policy, integrated modal
policy, innovative local shuttle services,
priority to PT, congestion price, local calming,
in rural areas integrated goods and passenger
transport
A2 regional market
2
regional

• 2005 Background paper to Hungarian Sustainability
  Strategy

32
New strategies of 2011 Széchenyi Plan

• The New Széchenyi Plan is a development strategy
  based on the competence of the ministries of
  National Economy and National Development. Other
  fields covered by other ministries are partly or
  totally missing from the strategic document.
  (Transport belongs to the Ministry of National
  Development, so it is included, but there was
  relatively small harmonisation with the earlier
  transport documents).

33
New strategies of 2011 Széll Kálmán Plan

• The focal priority of the Széll Kálmán Plan is
  the dept decreasing, and it deals mainly with the
  sectors / sub-sectors where there are
  possibilities (by previous judgements) for the
  state to take back development sources or to get
  other revenues to help the dept problem. The two
  touched parts of the transport sector are the
  public transport and the road pricing. The idea
  is institutional reorganisation and
  centralisation in the public transport, and
  introducing electronic toll system for road
  pricing. The second seems to be in harmony with
  the sustainability aspects, while the public
  transport definitely needs some institutional
  reform, but any expectation on resource
  extraction from the public transport is based on
  misunderstanding of the wider context of
  transport feedbacks and may give support to the
  growth of the car traffic.

34
New strategies of 2011 Integrated Transport St.

• The National Integrated Transport Strategy has at
  the moment no documentation or accepted detailed
  timetable. The future developer team of the plan
  is the same group that has just finished a
  sub-sector strategy for the motorways and main
  road network of Hungary

35
Policy Strategies for (Sustainable) Mobility at
the National Level

• Hungarian Transport Policy 1996
• Hungarian National Environmental Protection
  Program Transport Sector Action Paper 1998
• Hungarian Transport Policy 2003-2015
• New Hungary Development Plan 2007 (ÚMFT)
  National Strategic Reference Framework of
  Hungary 20072013 (Date of the decision of the
  European Commission 7 May 2007)Transport
  Operational Program 2007-13 (KözOP)
• National Strategy for Sustainable Development
  (June 2007)
• National Strategy for the Climate Change
• Integrated Transport Development Strategy (EKFS)
  Green White Sub-sectorial 2007, 2008
• New Széchenyi Plan 2011 (Preliminary chapter
  title was Transit-Economy since changed)
• Széll Kálmán Plan 2011
• National Integrated Transport Strategy (2011
  starting)

36
Any conclusion?

• A provocative summary
• Too many strategies and other official documents
  exist together.
• The role of the environment is accepted but
  basically it is pushed behind the real mobility
  targets
• All the document prescribed (dealing with
  sustainability or environment issues) are
  prepared, finished -- but sometimes after the
  time-window when they could influence the policy
  targets.
• The development in urban centres greener than it
  would follow from the general transport policy
  (pedestrian zones, calmed areas)

37
POLICY STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AT THE
NATIONAL LEVEL HUNGARY

• Fleischer Tamás
• Institute for World Economics of the HAS
• lttfleisch_at_vki.hugt lthttp//www.vki.hu/tfleisch/gt

THANKS FORYOUR ATTENTION !
CORPUS The SCP Knowledge Hub First Policy Meets
Research Workshop on Sustainable Mobility Funded
by the European Commission in FP7 (except me !)
Szentendre, Hungary, 5/6 May 2011