Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development

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Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Poverty Reduction
• 3. Participatory Development
• 4. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)
• 5.Gender and Development

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1.Introduction

• - Sustainable Development is three dimensional
• Social Dimensions are gaining momentum
• Social Entrepreneurs have brought significant
  changes (D.BornsteinSocial Enrepreneurs the
  Power of New Ideas, Oxford Univ. Press)
• - Bill Drayton (USA)
• - Mohammad Yunus (Bangladesh)
• -Veronica Khosa (South Africa)
• - Javed Abidi (India)
• -James Grant(UNICEF)
• -Tom Sadowski (Poland)
• - Others

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Six Qualities of Successful Social Entrepreneurs

• 1. Willingness to self-correct
• 2. Willingness to share credit
• 3.Willingness to break free of established
  structure
• 4.Willingness to cross disciplinary boundaries
• 5.Willingness to work quietly
• 6.Strong ethical principles

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2. Poverty Reduction
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World Development Report Conclusions on Poverty

• Poverty is multidimensional.
• The state has largely been ineffective in
  reaching the poor.
• The role of NGOs in the lives of the poor is
  limited.
• Households are crumbling under the stress of
  poverty.
• The social fabric, poor peoples only
  insurance, is unraveling.

Source World Bank, 2000
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Framework for Poverty Reduction

• Economic x Distributional
  Growth Effectiveness
• Poverty Reduction ?

Population Growth
Source ADB, 1999
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Elements for Effective Poverty ReductionEconomic
Growth

• Institutional Factors
• Free of political distortions
• Efficient
• Accountable
• Eliminate corruption
• Performance-rewarding
• Demand-based
• Transparent

• Program Focus
• Sustainable Development
• Basic infrastructure
• Financial sector stability
• National development program

• Policy Environment
• Growth stimulation in poverty areas
• Market Friendly
• Sound fiscal management
• Unsound public enterprise divested
• Sound use of subsidies
• Effective public investments
• Environmental sustainability

Source ADB, 1999
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Elements for Effective Poverty ReductionDistribu
tional Effectiveness

• Policy Environment
• Labor-intensive growth
• Minimum labor standards
• Universal education
• Pro-poor government subsidies
• Needs-based resource allocation
• Efficient/equitable social safety nets
• Land tenancy
• Accessible courts

• Institutional Factors
• Effective participation of poorer communities
• Effective participation of women
• Minimum political distortion
• Mobile labor force
• Client-focused government agencies
• Program transparency
• Pro-poor judicial system
• Social capital strengthened

• Program Focus
• Targeted programs for impoverished
  areas/sectors/groups
• Basic health care education
• Basic water supply sanitation
• Basic infrastructure

Source ADB, 1999
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Elements for Effective Poverty ReductionPopulati
on Growth

• Policy Environment
• Reproductive health access for men and women
• Universal education for girls
• Effective family and population planning

• Institutional Factors
• Gender-sensitive institutions/staff
• Effective mother/child health centers
• Significant number of female teachers and health
  workers

• Program Focus
• Targeted economic growth in areas of high
  population growth
• Female education and empowerment

Source ADB, 1999
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Poverty Reduction by TargetedInterventions

• Identify the poor
• Identify their special needs and aspirations
• Design and implement programs to satisfy them

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The poor dependent on fragile land
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The poor enclaved in areas of good agricultural
potential
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The urban poor
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The coastal poor
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3. Participatory Development
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Participatory Development
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• ... a process through which stakeholders
  participate and influence development
  initiatives, decisions, and their outcomes.

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Why Support Participation
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• better quality
• enhances sustainability
• enhances implementation
• more demand-responsive
• strengthens local ownership and commitment
• increases cost-sharing
• enhances social capital

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Risks of Participation

• Time and resource consuming
• Logistically/organizationally troublesome
• Groups may not be representative
• Conflicts may be aggravated
• Expectations may be raised

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Who Should Participate
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• Primary Stakeholders those expected to benefit
  from or be adversely affected by the project
• Secondary Stakeholders those with expertise and
  public interest and those with linkages to
  primary stakeholders (NGOs, intermediary
  organizations, private sector business and
  technical and professional bodies)
• Borrowing Stakeholders governments of borrowing
  member countries
• Financing Stakeholders the Bank and other
  funding agencies

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Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation
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• Mechanisms for Sharing Information
• translation into local languages and
  dissemination of written materials
• informational seminars, presentations and public
  meetings

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Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation
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• Mechanisms for Consultation
• consultative meetings
• field visits and interviews (at various stages of
  work)
• town hall meetings
• radio call-in shows

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Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation
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• Mechanisms for Collaborative Decision-Making
• participatory assessment and evaluations
• beneficiary assessments
• workshops and retreats to discuss and determine
  positions, priorities, roles
• meetings to help resolve conflicts, seek
  agreements, engender ownership
• (public) reviews of draft documents and
  subsequent revisions
• joint committees or working groups with
  stakeholder representatives

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Mechanism to facilitate participation Consensus
Building

• A process of seeking unanimous agreement among a
  group of stakeholders it involves good-faith
  effort to meet the interests of all.

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Consensus Building Five Steps

• Step 1 Convening
• Initiate a discussion about whether to have
  consensus building dialogue
• Prepare a Conflict Assessment document
• Identify appropriate representatives
• Locate necessary funding

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Consensus Building Five Steps

• Step 2 Clarifying Responsibilities
• Clarify role of Facilitators, Mediators, and
  Recorders
• Set an Agenda and Ground Rules
• Assess computer-based communication options
• Establish a mailing list

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Consensus Building Five Steps

• Step 3 Deliberating
• Pursue debates in a constructive fashion
• Create subcommittees and seek expert advice
• Produce a single-text draft report
• Modify the Agenda and Ground Rules, if necessary

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Consensus Building Five Steps

• Step 4 Deciding
• Try to maximize joint gains
• Keep a record
• Step 5 Implementing Decisions
• Seek ratification by stakeholders
• Monitor and evaluate

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Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation
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• Mechanisms to Facilitate Empowerment
• decentralizing authority
• delegation of authority for decisions to local
  organizations or groups
• capacity building of stakeholder organizations
• strengthening the financial and legal status of
  stakeholder organizations
• supervised transfer of responsibility for
  maintenance and management to stakeholders
• support for self help initiatives by stakeholders
• creating an enabling policy environment

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4. NGOs
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What is an NGO?
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• Non-Governmental Organization refers to
  organizations
• not based in government
• not created to earn profit
• A broad definition of groups classified more by
  what they are not than what they are.

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Typology of NGOs
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• Thematic Environment, Rural Development,
  Health, Womens Empowerment
• Nature of Operation Advocacy, Research,
  Training
• Level of Operation Local, Regional,
  National,International

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NGO Contributions to Sustainable Development
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• Innovation with their close knowledge of local
  communities and local knowledge, NGOs can
  identify new approaches and new models for
  specific development activities.
• Local Accountability NGO involvement in
  projects can help ensure that project components
  are implemented as planned.

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NGO Contributions to Sustainable Development
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• Responsiveness NGOs can help implementing
  projects which respond to local needs.
• Participation NGOs can serve as bridges between
  project authorities and affected communities, as
  well as providing structures for participation.
• Sustainability NGOs can help provide continuity
  in project work, especially when implementing
  agencies lack capacity or when staffing changes.

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Why Cooperate with NGOs?
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• NGOs are becoming key actors in the development
  process
• NGOs often possess capabilities and comparative
  advantages, particularly at grassroots levels,
• NGOs can play an important role in the
  participatory process

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ADBs Policy on Cooperation with NGOs

• ADB will continue to recognize priorities and
  concerns of its member governments and some
  private sector entities as its clients.
• The main purpose of ADBs cooperation with NGOs
  will be to strengthen the effectiveness,
  sustainability and quality of development
  services the ADB will provide to its clients.
  Cooperation with NGOs at the country level would
  involve a tripartite relationship among the
  governments, NGOs and the ADB.
• ADB will seek to cooperate with competent NGOs
  having substantial knowledge in their areas of
  focus and accountability.
• To facilitate and support enhanced cooperation
  with the NGOs, ADB will strengthen its internal
  capacity as well as external dialogue with NGOs
  on a continuing basis.

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5. Gender Development
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Advances in Gender Inequalities

• In 1990, 86 girls were enrolled in primary school
  for every 100 boys, compared with 67 girls for
  every 100 boys in 1960 75 females per 100 males
  were enrolled in secondary schools in 1990
  compared with 53 in 1960. In 2005, this figure is
  approaching 90 and over .
• In 1995, average 6-year-old girl went to school
  for 8.4 years, compared with 7.3 years in 1980. .
• Since the 1950s the official female labor force
  has grown at twice the rate of the male labor
  force, so that today 38 percent of women over 15
  years are in the formal labor force in developing
  countries.

Source World Bank, 1995
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Women as percentage of total labor force 1970-2005

• 1970 1980 1990 1995 2005
• 1. East Asia 33.6 38.4 39.9 39.9
  48.0
• 2. Southeast Asia 39.1 40.6 42.0 42.7
  48.0
• 3. South Asia 21.6 33.3 34.6 35.8 lt48.0
• USA 38.1 42.5
  45.2 46.0 46.4
• www.dol.gov/wb

Source World Bank, 1997
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Advancement of women in USA TIME(10/26/09)
State of the American Woman
Year of jobs Men Women Annual earnings (median) Men Women college students Men Women
1972 63.8 36.2 46956 27169 57 43
2009 50.2 49.8 46367 35745 43 57
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Persistent Gender Inequalities

• Of the 900 million illiterate people in this
  world, women outnumber men two to one.
• Of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty, 70
  percent are women.
• At least half a million women die each year from
  complications due to pregnancy.
• In developing countries, womens wages are 30-40
  percent less than those of men for comparable
  work.

Source UNDP, 1995 Websitessouthernet.edu/hochma
n/wagegapgender
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Women in national parliamentsIPU (2005)

• Region of women
• Nordic 40
• Americas 18.9
  
• Europe 18.5
• Sub-Saharan Africa 16
• Asia 15.5
• Pacific 13.9
• Arab states 7.7
• Global average 16.1

Source ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
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World Conference on Women 1995Areas of Critical
Concern

• National and International Machineries
• Human Rights
• Mass Media
• Environment and Development
• The Girl Child

• Poverty
• Education
• Health
• Violence
• Armed and Other Conflicts
• Economic Participation
• Power Sharing and Decision Making

Source ADB, 1998
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Violence Against Women(VAW) Facts Figures

• Category
• 1.Domestic violence

• Facts
• women abused
• Palestine, W.Bank 52
• U.K 30
• Canada 29
• USA 22
• Nicaragua 21
• Cambodia 16

Source UNIFEM(2005) unifem.org/gender
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VAW Facts

• Facts
• Globally 2 million are trafficked ,sold or
  co-erced into prostitution, every year. There are
  reported cases from Bangladesh,
  Nepal,Cambodia,central EasternEurope, Nigeria
  Peru among others.

• Category
• 2.Trafficking in women and girls
• (involving recruiting and transporting them to
  other countries)

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VAW Facts

• Category
• 3.Sexual Violence (in non-conflict situation
  including coerced sex, rape and forced
  prostitution)

• Facts
• Peru 12-16 yr girls giving birth 90 rape
• USA 700,000/ year
• Muslim world Unknown mostly because of trauma
  legal procedure requiring a credible no. of male
  witnesses

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VAW Facts4. Harmful traditional practices

• 130 million so far 2m/yr in 26 countries in
  Africa some immigrant communities in Europe,
  Australia,Canada US
• 15000/yr in India acid attacks in Bangladesh
• -.1000 women/yr, Pakistan
• Alexandria, Egypt(47of raped women)
• Brazil(killing justified to defend husbands
  honor.

• o Female genital mutiliation (FGM)
• o Dowrey murder
• o Honor killings

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World Banks Policy on Gender and
Development

• No longer treat women as a special target group
  of beneficiaries.
• Integrate gender issues in mainstream activities.
• Recognize that investing in women is central to
  sustainable development.
• Expand enrollment of girls in school.
• Expand womens participation in the labor force,
  especially in the soft sectors.
• Provide special financial services such as
  microcredit to women.
• Improve womens health by increasing allocation
  in health and family planning.
• Build institutional and legal capacity to deal
  with gender issues.