Electrophysiological Studies of Masked Translation Priming Phillip Holcomb

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Electrophysiological Studies of Masked Translation Priming Phillip Holcomb

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Title: Electrophysiological Studies of Masked Translation Priming Phillip Holcomb

1
Electrophysiological Studies of Masked
Translation PrimingPhillip Holcomb
Katherine Midgley Noriko Hoshino Sofie
Schoonbaert Jonathan Grainger
NeuroCognition Laboratory Department of
Psychology Tufts University http//neurocog.psy.tu
fts.edu
2
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TRIP
4
SOCCER
5
WINDOW
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TELEPHONE
7
(No Transcript)
8
How do we recognize written words?
9
The mental operations that start with low-level
visual system analysis and continue up through
comparatively higher-level semantic processing
10
Challenges in studying word recognition

It occurs quickly
(lt 500 ms)
The underlying processes are
Covert
Complex
Interactive

11
Challenges in studying word recognition

It occurs quickly
(lt 500 ms)
The underlying processes are
Covert
Complex
Interactive

12
Challenges in studying word recognition

It occurs quickly
(lt 500 ms)
The underlying processes are
Covert
Complex
Interactive

13
Challenges in studying word recognition

It occurs quickly
(lt 500 ms)
The underlying processes are
Covert
Complex
Interactive

14
Challenges in studying word recognition

It occurs quickly
(lt 500 ms)
The underlying processes are
Covert
Complex
Interactive

15
Bi-modal Interactive Activation Model
16
Bi-modal Interactive Activation Model
17
How does one study a system such as this?
18
Priming
TARGET
prime
time
19
RT Repetition Priming Effect
20
Interactive Activation Model
21
Problems with this interpretation

Processes other than word activation might be
influenced by the experimental manipulation or
task demands
Episodic memory
Participant Strategies

22
Problems with this interpretation

Processes other than word activation might be
influenced by the experimental manipulation or
task demands
Episodic memory
Participant Strategies

23
Problems with this interpretation

Processes other than word activation might be
influenced by the experimental manipulation or
task demands
Episodic memory
Participant Strategies

24
Masked Priming

Forster and Davis, 1984
Pattern masked the prime word making it
unavailable to conscious processing

25
Masked Priming

Forster and Davis, 1984
Pattern masked the prime word making it
unavailable to conscious processing

26
Masked Priming

Forster and Davis, 1984
Pattern masked the prime word making it
unavailable to conscious processing

27
Masked Priming
28
Unmasked vs. Masked Priming
29
How does masked priming work?

Monkey studies by Lamme and others suggest that
the mask cuts off or attenuates the processing
of the prime
By allowing the initial feed-forward burst of
processing
but blocking all recurrent (feedback processing)
If the prime is just the right duration, it
undergoes enough feed-forward processing to
influence processing of the subsequent target

30
How does masked priming work?

Monkey studies by Lamme and others suggest that
the mask cuts off or attenuates the processing
of the prime
By allowing the initial feed-forward burst of
processing
but blocking all recurrent (feedback processing)
If the prime is just the right duration, it
undergoes enough feed-forward processing to
influence processing of the subsequent target

31
How does masked priming work?

Monkey studies by Lamme and others suggest that
the mask cuts off or attenuates the processing
of the prime
By allowing the initial feed-forward burst of
processing
but blocking all recurrent (feedback processing)
If the prime is just the right duration, it
undergoes enough feed-forward processing to
influence processing of the subsequent target

32
How does masked priming work?

Monkey studies by Lamme and others suggest that
the mask cuts off or attenuates the processing
of the prime
By allowing the initial feed-forward burst of
processing
but blocking all recurrent (feedback processing)
If the prime is just the right duration, it
undergoes enough feed-forward processing to
influence processing of the subsequent target

33
How does masked priming work?

Monkey studies by Lamme and others suggest that
the mask cuts off or attenuates the processing
of the prime
By allowing the initial feed-forward burst of
processing
but blocking all recurrent (feedback processing)
If the prime is just the right duration, it
undergoes enough feed-forward processing to
influence processing of the subsequent target

34
20 years of research with this paradigm

The pattern of target facilitation depends on a
host of factors including
how long the prime was available for processing
the nature of the relationship between the prime
and target
From these studies it has been possible to make
inferences about some of the processes underlying
visual word recognition

35
20 years of research with this paradigm

The pattern of target facilitation depends on a
host of factors including
how long the prime was available for processing
the nature of the relationship between the prime
and target
From these studies it has been possible to make
inferences about some of the processes underlying
visual word recognition

36
20 years of research with this paradigm

The pattern of target facilitation depends on a
host of factors including
how long the prime was available for processing
the nature of the relationship between the prime
and target
From these studies it has been possible to make
inferences about some of the processes underlying
visual word recognition

37
20 years of research with this paradigm

The pattern of target facilitation depends on a
host of factors including
how long the prime was available for processing
the nature of the relationship between the prime
and target
From these studies it has been possible to make
inferences about some of the processes underlying
visual word recognition

38
20 years of research with this paradigm

The pattern of target facilitation depends on a
host of factors including
how long the prime was available for processing
the nature of the relationship between the prime
and target
From these studies it has been possible to make
inferences about some of the processes underlying
visual word recognition

39
However

Because the behavioral response occurs hundreds
of ms after the processes of interest, it is
frequently difficult to know precisely which
process(es) is producing the priming effect
It would be advantageous to have a more online
measure of processing.

40
However

Because the behavioral response occurs hundreds
of ms after the processes of interest, it is
frequently difficult to know precisely which
process(es) is producing the priming effect
It would be advantageous to have a more online
measure of processing.

41
However

Because the behavioral response occurs hundreds
of ms after the processes of interest, it is
frequently difficult to know precisely which
process(es) is producing the priming effect
It would be advantageous to have a more online
measure of processing.

42
ERP Technique
43
Semantic Categorization Task Repetition Priming
44
ERP Repetition Priming
N400
45
Functional Significance

N400 is thought to reflect the process of
lexical/semantic integration
Larger N400s for more difficult integrations

46
Functional Significance

N400 is thought to reflect the process of
lexical/semantic integration
Larger N400s for more difficult integrations

47
Functional Significance

N400 is thought to reflect the process of
lexical/semantic integration
Larger N400s for more difficult integrations

48
So, if the primes were masked

Would we still see N400 effects?
If so, would they be similar to those we see in
unmasked priming?
Might we see ERP effects earlier than the N400?
e.g., ones directly sensitive to word or letter
based processing

49
So, if the primes were masked

Would we still see N400 effects?
If so, would they be similar to those we see in
unmasked priming?
Might we see ERP effects earlier than the N400?
e.g., ones directly sensitive to word or letter
based processing

50
So, if the primes were masked

Would we still see N400 effects?
If so, would they be similar to those we see in
unmasked priming?
Might we see ERP effects earlier than the N400?
e.g., ones directly sensitive to word or letter
based processing

51
So, if the primes were masked

Would we still see N400 effects?
If so, would they be similar to those we see in
unmasked priming?
Might we see ERP effects earlier than the N400?
e.g., ones directly sensitive to word or letter
based processing

52
So, if the primes were masked

Would we still see N400 effects?
If so, would they be similar to those we see in
unmasked priming?
Might we see ERP effects earlier than the N400?
e.g., ones directly sensitive to word or letter
based processing

53
Masked Variable Duration Primes
54
Probe Trials
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40 ms
80 ms
120 ms
60
120 ms Prime
40 ms Prime
61
Conclusions

We found no evidence for effects prior to the
N400
We also found no evidence of qualitative
differences in masked and unmasked repetition
priming
Suggests that both the conscious and unconscious
effects of priming are being mediated by the same
mechanism
We think this mechanism involves the interaction
of processes at the word-form/conceptual interface

62
Conclusions

We found no evidence for effects prior to the
N400
We also found no evidence of qualitative
differences in masked and unmasked repetition
priming
Suggests that both the conscious and unconscious
effects of priming are being mediated by the same
mechanism
We think this mechanism involves the interaction
of processes at the word-form/conceptual interface

63
Conclusions

We found no evidence for effects prior to the
N400
We also found no evidence of qualitative
differences in masked and unmasked repetition
priming
Suggests that both the conscious and unconscious
effects of priming are being mediated by the same
mechanism
We think this mechanism involves the interaction
of processes at the word-form/conceptual interface

64
Conclusions

We found no evidence for effects prior to the
N400
We also found no evidence of qualitative
differences in masked and unmasked repetition
priming
Suggests that both the conscious and unconscious
effects of priming are being mediated by the same
mechanism
We think this mechanism involves the interaction
of processes at the word-form/conceptual interface

65
Conclusions

We found no evidence for effects prior to the
N400
We also found no evidence of qualitative
differences in masked and unmasked repetition
priming
Suggests that both the conscious and unconscious
effects of priming are being mediated by the same
mechanism
We think this mechanism involves the interaction
of processes at the word-form/conceptual interface

66
Form-meaning Interface
67
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

68
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

69
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

70
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

71
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

72
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

73
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

74
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

75
Masked Short Interval Priming

So, why didnt we get priming effects earlier
than the N400?
This might suggest that ERPs arent such a great
measure for studying word recognition
Ferrand has shown that behavioral masked priming
effects decay very rapidly
With a 500 ms prime-target interval he could find
no behavioral (RT) evidence of masked priming
Our previous experiment used a 500 ms interval
Two questions
Can we see ERP masked priming effects with short
prime-target intervals?
Are there ERP effects prior to the N400?

76
Variable SOA
77
Variable SOAs
78
Four Experiments

Holcomb Grainger
English words in native English speakers
Kiyonaga et al
(French words in native French speakers)
Petite et al
Letter priming
Eddy et al
Picture priming with color photos

79
Four Experiments

Holcomb Grainger
English words in native English speakers
Kiyonaga et al
(French words in native French speakers)
Petite et al
Letter priming
Eddy et al
Picture priming with color photos

80
Four Experiments

Holcomb Grainger
English words in native English speakers
Kiyonaga et al
(French words in native French speakers)
Petite et al
Letter priming
Eddy et al
Picture priming with color photos

81
Four Experiments

Holcomb Grainger
English words in native English speakers
Kiyonaga et al
(French words in native French speakers)
Petite et al
Letter priming
Eddy et al
Picture priming with color photos

82
Four Experiments

Holcomb Grainger
English words in native English speakers
Kiyonaga et al
(French words in native French speakers)
Petite et al
Letter priming
Eddy et al
Picture priming with color photos

83
Holcomb Grainger
84
Kiyanaga et al., Lexical Decision Cross-modal
Priming (in French)
85
Petite et al - Masked Letter Priming
86
Eddy et al Masked Object Priming
87
Holcomb Grainger
88
Holcomb Grainger
89
N/P150
90
Kiyonaga et al
91
N/P150 Effect
92
What process does the N/P150 reflect?

Words ?
Letters ?
Features ?

93
Masked Letter Priming
94
Eddy et al. 2006 -- Masked Object Priming
95
Eddy et al., 2007 - fMRI
96
Schmid et al
97
ERP sLORETA for N/P150
98
Post-N/P150 Effects
99
Holcomb Grainger
100
Holcomb Grainger
101
N400 Effect
102
N250 Effect
103
Kiyonaga et al -- Lexical Decision
104
Cross-modal Auditory Targets
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Bilingual Studies of Word Recognition
108
How do bilinguals recognize words in their two
languages?
109
Revised Hierarchical Model
Lexical links
L2
L1
Conceptual links
Concepts
110
Midgley et al., 2008

French/English Bilinguals
L1 French, L2 English

111
Conditions
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Revised Hierarchical Model??
Lexical links
L2
L1
Conceptual links
Concepts
122
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Hoshino et al