Late 18th and Early 19th Century Paris

1
Late 18th and Early 19th Century Paris

• By
• Annu Dixit
• Tori Kendrick
• LeAnna Kent
• Kelly Scott
• Jesse Tate

2
THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCEFORA TALE OF TWO CITIES

• Portion by
• Annu Dixit

3
THE OLD REGIME

• France before 1789.
• Absolute, divine right monarchy.
• Three estates
• First Estate
• The Church
• Paid no taxes
• Could only be charged by church courts
• Second Estate
• The Nobility
• Still had feudal practices like primogeniture
• Collected taxes from peasants and paid few taxes
  themselves
• Third Estate
• Included Bourgeoisie, laborers and artisans, and
  peasants.
• Paid tithe to the church and taxes to the king

4
THE ESTATES-GENERAL

• Louis XVI was in financial debt.
• The first two estates refused to pay and even
  rioted.
• Louis XVI called the Estates-General at
  Versailles in May 5, 1789 to receive the power to
  tax.
• First meeting in 175 years.
• Nobody was sure who had the power to do things.

5
ESTATES-GENERAL (CONT.)

• Because the Third Estate outnumbered both the
  First and Second Estate, they wanted to have
  individual votes.
• This was the first time all three estates would
  meet together to vote.
• Louis was nervous.
• July 17, 1789- the Third Estate became the
  National Assembly.

6
THE TENNIS COURT OATH

• All three Estates were supposed to meet on June
  17,1789.
• The Third Estate was locked out by the king.
• Went to a tennis court
• They decided to not adjourn until France had a
  new constitution.
• The king finally allowed all the estates to meet
  together.

7
CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT

• By August 4, 1789, the National Assembly
• Abolished feudalism.
• Removed the privileges of the other two Estates.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man was created
  on August 27, 1789.
• It gave freedom of speech and religion.
• The Constitution of 1791
• Divided the government into three branches.

8
THE DEATH OF LOUIS XVI

• The National Convention, in which the members
  were voted by everyone, was created in 1792.
• On January 21, 1793, they killed Louis XVI and
  ruled 3 years.
• France did not have another king until after
  Napoleon.

9
Major Historical Events

• LeAnna Kent
• Mrs. Mendoza
• G. English II (2nd)
• 5/5/08

10
Major Historic Events
11
Robert Damiens

• Tried to assassinate King Louis XV on January 5,
  1757
• Tortured with red-hot pincers hand while holding
  the knife, was burned with sulfur, molten wax,
  lead, and boiling oil.
• To be hanged, drawn and quartered.
• Dragged on a wooden frame to the place of
  execution.
• Hanged by the neck for a short time or until
  almost dead.
• Disembowelled and emasculated. The genitalia and
  entrails burned before the condemned's eyes.
• Beheaded and the body divided into four parts.
• Damien's limbs and ligaments didnt separate
  easily. After hours, executioner and aides
  ordered to cut Damiens' joints.
• His torso, apparently still living, then burnt at
  the stake.

12
Chevalier de la Barre

• Defaced cross on August 9, 1765
• Tried for several blasphemies including not
  removing hat when a procession of monks passed.
• Possession of Voltaires Philosophical Dictionary
  used as a pretext for the religious intolerant
  crimes.
• Tortured to give away accomplices in defacing
  cross
• Beheaded, then burned at the stake along with a
  copy of Voltaires Philosophical Dictionary.

13
French Revolution

• Louis XVI exhausted state funds when aiding
  American troops in their revolution
• Affects include unfairly raised taxes, high
  prices of goods to compensate high taxes, and
  food shortages.
• Can be divided into three stages
• Stage 1
• Refusal to pay taxes
• Stage 2
• National Assembly from June 17 to July 9 of 1789
• Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789
• Stage 3
• Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen on
  August 26, 1789

14
Great Fear

• Lasted from July 20 to August 5, 1789
• Grain shortage which started in the spring
  continuously worsened
• Local militias guarded supplies from wandering
  vagrants
• Rumors that nobles hired the vagrants to keep the
  harvest from the peasants
• Peasants armed themselves and attacked
  aristocratic homes to destroy records of feudal
  obligations
• Possibly caused by Ergot, a hallucinogenic fungus

15
Execution of Louis
XVI

• September 21, 1792 National Convention abolished
  the monarch. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were
  imprisoned in the Temple Fortress.
• On December 11, 1792, the deposed king was
  brought from the Temple Fortress to stand before
  the Convention and hear his indictment an
  accusation of High Treason and Crimes against the
  State
• On the 15 January, 1793 the Convention declared
  the verdict. The convention, which was composed
  of 721 deputies, had 693 deputies vote guilty,
  and none vote for an acquittal.

16
Execution of Marie Antoinette

• August 2, 1793 taken to Conciergerie Prison and
  put in solitary confinement
• October 14 put on trial. Charges
• The Diamond Necklace
• Plied Swiss Guard with alcohol during siege of
  the palace
• Sexually abusing her son
• October 15 unanimously found guilty and condemned
  to death for treason
• October 16 taken to Place de la Révolution where
  the guillotine presided, and was beheaded

17
Reign of Terror

• Lasted from about 1793 to 1794
• Period of the French Revolution characterized by
  a wave of executions of enemies of the revolution
  (a.k.a. aristocrats)
• Claimed about 40,000 French lives of men, and
  women
• Foreign Countries feared what the uproar would do
  to their monarchies. They threatened the people
  of France, but only riled them more.
• Robespierre was a key leader of the Reign of
  Terror which eventually caused his own execution

18
Bibliography

• "Great Fear." Reference.com. 4 May 2008
  lthttp//www.reference.com/search?qgreat20feargt.
• "Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered." Wikipedia. 4 May
  2008 lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged2C_drawn
  _and_quarteredFrench_.5C.22quartering.5C.22gt.
• "Jean-Francois de la Barre." Reference.com. 4 May
  2008 lthttp//www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Jean-Fr
  ançois_de_la_Barregt.
• "Louis XVI of France." Wikipedia. 4 May 2008
  lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIArrest_and
  _execution.2C_1792-1793gt.
• "Marie Antoinette." Wikipedia. 4 May 2008
  lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinettegt.
• "Reign of Terror." Wikipedia. 4 May 2008
  lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_terrorgt.
• "Robert Damiens." Reference.com. 4 May 2008
  lthttp//www.reference.com/search?qRobert20damien
  sgt.
• "Storming of the Bastille." Reference.com. 4 May
  2008 lthttp//www.reference.com/search?qstorming2
  0of20the20bastillegt.

19
Setting of Paris Appertaining to the Novel

• Tori Kendrick
• Mrs. Mendoza
• G. English II (2nd)
• 5/5/08

20
Paris 18th - 19th Century
(1)
21
Divisions of Paris

• Divided into 20 different Faubourgs.
• Later divided into Arrondissments (districts).
• Taxation and policing.
• Social divisions just as concrete.
• Influenced by the differing ideals between social
  groups.

(2)
22
Political Divisions

• West Paris was conservative and rich. East Paris
  was liberal and poorer.
• Reflected in the location of many monuments.
• Arc de Triumph and the Hotel des Invalides in
  west.
• Place de al Bastille and Pantheon in east.
• Political center of Paris meanwhile was claimed
  by no side.

(2)
23
Social Division

• Socially divided by east and west, but also a bit
  by the banks of the seine river.
• Northwest quadrant of Paris was the center of
  fashionable society.
• Southeast quadrant of Paris was the Latin
  Quarter, named after the language of learning.
  Home of Paris' universities, scholars, and
  artists.

(2)
24
Social Divisions yellow-fashionable society
green- Latin Quarter
Political Divisions pink- Saint-Antoine, wine
shop
(2)
25
The BarriersSaint-Denis La Villette
(1)
26
The Bastille

• Four-and-a-half-stories and surrounded by its own
  moat.
• Located at the eastern main entrance to medieval
  Paris
• 8 closely-spaced towers, roughly 77.1 ft. (23.5m)
  high, that surrounded 2 courtyards and the
  armoury.

(3)
27
The Bastille

• The lettre de cachet made the Bastille fortress
  one of the darkest symbols of royal despotism.
• The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789
  marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

(3)
(1)
28
Sources

• http//clioweb.free.fr/carto/plans/parisrev.jpg
  (1)
• http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-
  s01/mapping-paris/City_Divided.html (2)
• http//www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Monumen
  ts-Paris/Bastille.shtml (3)

29
Social Classes of 18th Century France

• Kelly Scott
• Mrs. Mendoza
• G. English II (2nd)
• 5/5/08

30
How many classes were there?

• 18th century France had 3 classes
• Upper Class (aristocracy)
• Middle Class (bourgeoisie)
• Lower Class (peasants, laborers)

31
How were the classes determined?

• Your class was based largely upon your
• Occupation
• Level of education
• Income
• Size of property
• Family background

32
Lower Class

• Labor based on physical skills.
• High mortality rate due to unskilled labor.
• Women must work to help support their family.
• Children are treated as adults.
• They are not required to go to school, because
  they had to start working at a young age.

33
Middle Class

• Labor based on mental skills.
• Dominant class
• Men usually married younger women of greater
  wealth.
• Merchants, bankers, artists.
• Children were raised by their parents. They
  attended school and had a childhood.

34
Upper Class

• They did not work.
• All their money came from inheritance, tenant
  farming, etc.
• Rode around in carriages, while everyone else
  walked.
• Manners were of the utmost importance.

35
Entertainment, Fashion, and Lifestyles

• Jesse Tate
• Mrs. Mendoza
• G. English II (2nd)
• 5/5/08

36
Fashions in Paris

• Hair was associated with power
• Men would wear flamboyant outfits like the women
• Wigs were very common

37
Fashion in Paris - Continued

• Mourning Rings were popular
• Women wore corsets
• Shapes and Silhouettes

38
Music of Paris

• Operas
• Classical Era
• Joseph Haydn
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Chamber Music
• Symphonic Music
• Choral Music
• Piano
• Concert Music

39
How Parisians Lived

• Salons
• Dancehalls
• Élysées-Montmartre
• Bordellos
• Separated into three classes

40
Major Historical Events

• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• Industrial Revolution
• The Enlightenment