GHSGT Review

1
GHSGT Review

• World History

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Renaissance European movement, which reached
  its height in the 1400-1500s, emphasizing the
  study of classical (Greece Rome) culture,
  humanism, education, and change.

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Development of city-states (Florence)
• Why?
• Economic Agricultural surpluses contributing to
  the rise of towns Mediterranean trade with
  Middle East
• Social Black Death resulting in agricultural
  surpluses and greater status for skilled workers
• Political Dominance of politics by wealthy
  merchant families (Medici)
• Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince
• Renaissance political scientist
• From Florence
• The ends justify the means.
• Accomplish political goals by any means necessary

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect
• The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa
• Michelangelo Buonarroti
• Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect
• David, Moses, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel,
  Pieta, designed dome of St. Peters Basilica
  (Church) in Vatican City (Rome)
• Both were Renaissance Men men before their
  time with many talents and skills educated
  encouraged questioning of accepted traditions and
  customs

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Related movement during the Renaissance -Humanism
  
• Characteristics
• Importance of the individual
• Questioning tradition and custom especially of
  the Roman Catholic Church, which built a
  foundation for the Reformation
• Secularism focus on worldly things
• A well-rounded person educated, athletic,
  talents in music and art
• Focus on emotion

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Famous Humanists
• Fransisco Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar,
  perfected the sonnet known as the Father of
  Humanism
• Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, writer of The
  Divine Comedy (Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise),
  which questioned church leadership, written in
  the vernacular and not Latin
• Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch (Netherlands), noted
  Christian humanist, who called for reform of the
  Roman Catholic Church

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Protestant Reformation after 1517, a religious
  movement initially to reform the Christian Roman
  Catholic Church, which eventually resulted in the
  formation of new Christian Protestant (from to
  protest) churches

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Leaders of the Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther, German
• Ideas stated in the Ninety-Five Theses
• Salvation through faith alone and scripture alone
• Protested sale of indulgences (document sold by
  Roman Catholic Church offering forgiveness for
  past or future sins of oneself or a loved one)
• Translated Bible into German for wide readership
• Formation of Lutheran Church and later, other
  Protestant denominations

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Leaders of the Protestant Reformation
• John Calvin, French
• Ideas stated in Institutes of the Christian
  Religion
• Predestination (people predetermined to be saved
  or not)
• Spread Protestant Reformation to France
• The Puritans and Presbyterians are Calvinists

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Roman Catholic Reaction to Protestant Reformation
  Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
• Realization that reform was needed in the Roman
  Catholic Church. Where?
• Council of Trent, Italy. Results
• Ending sale of indulgences
• Faith and works needed for salvation
• Churchs interpretation of the Bible was final
  and correct
• Formation of the Jesuits, a religious order,
  which enforced the directives of the Council of
  Trent

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Protestant Reformation in England
• Leader King Henry VIII
• Initially a political struggle rather than a
  religious one
• Resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church,
  the Church of England, known in the United States
  as the Episcopal Church
• Successor to Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, daughter
  firmly established the Protestant Church of
  England

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SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance
and Reformation

• Invention of printing press in Europe
• Johan Gutenberg, German
• c. 1450
• First book to be printed was the Bible
• Information revolution
• Facilitated the spread of Protestantism and
  later, the Enlightenment

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SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery
and Expansion

• Definition Diffusion of European culture around
  the world (c.1400-1700)
• Why? Gold, God, Glory
• Explorers and Conquistadores
• Vasco da Gama, Portugal, established trade route
  from Portugal, around the tip of Africa, to
  India, 1498
• Christopher Columbus, Spain, sailed west to reach
  East Indies, but discovered the Americas, 1492
• Ferdinand Magellan, Spain, his expedition was
  first to circumnavigate the world, 1519-1522
• Samuel de Champlain, France, explored St.
  Lawrence River, founded Quebec, 1608
• Hernan Cortes, Spain, conquered the Aztec Empire,
  c.1519
• Francisco Pizarro, Spain, Conquered the Inca
  Empire, 1522

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SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery
and Expansion

• Columbian Exchange exchange of plants, animals,
  people, and disease among Europe, Africa, and the
  Americas

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SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery
and Expansion

• Role of technology in exploration
• Improvements in shipbuilding rudders moved to
  stern (back) of ship use of lateen (triangular)
  sails
• Improvements in navigation the astrolabe (used
  to measure distance of stars from the horizon)
  compass
• Improvements in military technology cannons
  mounted on ships
• Most improvements were originally developed in
  China and the Middle East

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SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and
Economic Factors, which changed the world view of
Europeans

• Scientific Revolution major change in European
  thought, beginning in the 1500s, in which the
  study of the natural world began to be
  characterized by careful observation and the
  questioning of accepted beliefs

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SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and
Economic Factors, which changed the world view of
Europeans

• Scientific Contributions and Contributors
• Nicholas Copernicus, Polish, heliocentrism
  (sun-centered universe)
• Galileo Galilee, Italian, more proof to
  heliocentrism, discovered sunspots and moons of
  Jupiter
• Johan Kepler, German, more proof to
  heliocentrism, planets moved in elliptical orbits
  around the sun
• Isaac Newton, British, laws of motion and gravity

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SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and
Economic Factors, which changed the world view of
Europeans

• Enlightenment European movement in the 1700s in
  which thinkers applied the principles of reason
  and the scientific method to all aspects of
  society

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SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and
Economic Factors, which changed the world view of
Europeans

• Enlightenment Thinkers
• John Locke, British, developed idea of natural
  rights, including life, liberty, and property a
  government, which did not protect natural rights,
  could be abolished (consent of the governed)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, French, developed ideas of
  popular sovereignty and equality
• Voltaire, French, criticized Roman Catholic
  Church, social inequality, and absolute
  government proponent of freedom of speech,
  press, and religion
• Charles Louis Montesquieu, French, separation of
  powers and checks and balances in government

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• The Enlightenment inspired the English, American,
  French, Haitian Revolutions, and Latin American
  independence movements (1688-1825)

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Causes of the English Revolution
• Power struggle between Parliament and Monarchy
• Religious struggle among Protestant Puritans,
  Protestant Church of England, and Roman Catholics
• Effects of the English Revolution
• The English Bill of Rights, 1688
• Great Britain becomes a limited constitutional
  monarchy
• Power of government resides in the elected
  representatives of the people in Parliament
• Power of government resides in people in
  Parliament

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Causes of the American Revolution (1775-1783)
• Taxation without representation
• Desire for the protection of natural rights
• Effects of the American Revolution
• Formation of the United States of America 1st
  plan of government, ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
  2nd plan, U.S. CONSTITUTION
• Inspired the French Revolution

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Causes of the French Revolution
• Social inequality (Three Estates)
• Enlightenment ideas
• Example of the American Revolution
• Economic Crises
• Weak leadership of the monarchy

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Effects of the French Revolution (1789)
• Destruction of the monarchy
• Spread of Enlightenment ideas
• Reign of Terror
• War with other European nations
• Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Conservative reaction
• Rise of nationalism
• Diffusion of democratic ideals to ensure equality
  and justice
• Independence movements in Latin America

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Causes of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1803)
• Desire for social equality and an end to slavery
• Effects of the Haitian Revolution
• Independence of Haiti, 2nd nation to gain
  independence in the Americas Haiti gained
  independence from France
• Success of slave rebellion results in fear of
  future uprisings

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Causes of Latin American Independence Movements
• Enlightenment ideas
• Nationalism
• American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
• Cultural differences between native Europeans in
  Latin America (Creoles) and mestizos (persons of
  mixed European and Native American descent)
• Effects of Latin American Independence Movements
• Mexican Independence (1821)
• Independence of other Latin American nations
  (1821-1825)

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SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

• Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
• French general from Corsica, who advanced through
  the ranks and became emperor of France
• Continued the social reforms of the French
  Revolution, but limited political reform (return
  to autocracy, rule by one person)
• Defeat of Napoleon
• Defeated by alliance of European nations, exiled,
  returned for 100 days, finally defeated at
  Waterloo, in Belgium
• Consequences of Napoleons Rule
• Established the Napoleonic Code, a uniform set of
  laws, which eliminated many social injustices
  enforced order over freedom
• Conservative Reaction in Europe
• Rise of nationalism in Europe
• New territorial boundaries in Europe

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Causes of World War I (1914-1918)
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Militarism
• Expansion of military
• European-wide arms race
• Glorification of war
• Unity of political and military leadership

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Alliances
• Created to maintain balance of power
• Central Powers German Empire, Austro-Hungarian
  Empire, Ottoman Empire
• Allied Powers Great Britain, France, Russia,
  later United States and Italy

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Imperialism
• Policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate
  smaller nations economically, politically, and
  socially
• Competition among European nations in Africa and
  Asia led to conflict of interests in search of
  resources especially between Germany and Great
  Britain
• Drive to create and maintain overseas empires

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Nationalism
• Belief that people should be mainly loyal to
  their nation people who share a common culture,
  language, religion, and history rather than to
  a king or empire
• Pan Slavism
• Serbian Nationalism resulted in the
  assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
  Austria
• Arab Nationalism (Ottoman Empire)

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Conditions on the war front
• Trench warfare
• War of attrition
• Use of new war technology machine guns,
  chemical warfare, air bombardment

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty with Germany to end the war
• Provisions of the Treaty
• German war guilt
• German reparations
• Reduction of German military
• Loss of German territory
• Creation of the League of Nations
• Germany not allowed to join League of Nations

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• The mandate system
• The Ottoman Empire was divided into mandates
  administered by Great Britain and France
• A continuation of European imperialism

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SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

• Effects of the War
• Economic depression, especially in Germany
• Sense of despair
• Collapse of Romanov (Russia), Hapsburg
  (Austria-Hungary), and Hohenzollern (Germany)
  Empires
• Devastation of Europe
• New nations created (Czechoslovakia, Finland,
  Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc)

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Causes of the Russian Revolution
• Weak leadership of the czar
• Poor conditions of peasantry and working class
• Lack of political reform
• Inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir
  Lenin
• Devastation caused by World War I

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Effects of the Russian Revolution
• Withdrawal of Russia from WWI
• Rise of the Bolsheviks (Communists) in Russia
• Civil war in Russia between the Reds (Bolsheviks)
  and the Whites (monarchists)
• Creation of the U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics
• Rise of Vladimir Lenin as leader of the Bolshevik
  Party
• Rise of Totalitarianism
• Stalin and Five Year Plans

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Totalitarianism total government control over
  every aspect of public and private life
• Examples of
• Fascism (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
• Communism (USSR)

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Fascism totalitarian system that promotes
  extreme form of nationalism, a denial of
  individual rights, and dictatorial, one-party
  rule
• Fascism in Germany
• Adolf Hitler
• Desire to dominate Europe through racial policies
  in order to create a master race
• Desire to create a world empire to last a
  thousand years through a policy of lebensraum
  (living space)
• Repression of individual rights, especially those
  of Jews, gypsies, blacks, and those of
  alternative lifestyles, which resulted in the
  Holocaust
• Dominance of the Nazi Party

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini
• Revival of the Classical Roman Empire
• Repression of individual rights
• Dominance of the Fascist Party
• Fascism in Japan
• Emperor Hirohito
• Asia for Asiatics policy to remove all
  Europeans from Asia

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Communism totalitarian economic system in which
  government owns and controls all means of
  production
• Communism in the USSR
• Josef Stalin
• Five Year Plans and Purges
• Dominance of the Communist Party

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Causes of World War II
• Militarism
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Totalitarianism
• Social Chaos
• Resentment resulting from Treaty of Versailles

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SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that
Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

• Acts of Aggression Leading to War
• China-Manchuria by Japan, 1931
• Eastern China by Japan, 1930s
• Ethiopia by Italy, 1935
• Rhineland by Germany, 1936
• Austria by Germany, 1938
• Western Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, and the
  rest of the country by Germany, 1938-1939
• Albania by Italy, 1939
• Poland by Germany, 1939

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SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social
Impact of World War II

• THE TWO ALLIANCES OF WORLD WAR II, 1939-1945
• Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan
• Allied Powers France, Great Britain, USSR, and
  USA

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SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social
Impact of World War II

• Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Europe
  and Africa
• Invasion and rapid fall of France, 1940
• Battle of Britain, 1940
• War with the USSR, resulting in Germany fighting
  a two-front war, 1941
• Battle of al-Alemain Germany defeated in North
  Africa, 1942
• Allied invasion of Italy, 1943
• Battle of Stalingrad, 1943
• Allied invasion of Normandy, France, also known
  as D-Day 1944
• Unconditional surrender of Germany, April 1945

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SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social
Impact of World War II

• Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Asia and
  the Pacific
• Attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a territory of
  the USA, resulting in US involvement in the war,
  Dec. 7, 1941
• Battle of Midway, allied victory, 1942
• Battle of Guadalcanal, allied victory, 1943
• Battle of the Philippines, allied victory, 1944
• Allied use of the atomic bombs on Japanese cities
  of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945
• Unconditional surrender of Japan, September 1945

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SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social
Impact of World War II

• Effects of World War II
• Allied Conferences near the end of the war and
  post-war
• Teheran discussed opening a second front in
  Western Europe, 1943
• Yalta discussed post-war plans for Europe,
  including dividing Germany into zones,
  compensating USSR for lost territory,
  implementing free elections in Eastern Europe,
  and the creation of the United Nations, 1945
• Potsdam discussed how to administer post-war
  Europe and how to counter effects of the war,
  1945
• Leaders involved Winston Churchill, Great
  Britain Josef Stalin, USSR Franklin Roosevelt
  and Harry Truman, USA

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SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social
Impact of World War II

• Effects of WWII (Continued)
• Creation of the United Nations
• Marshall Plan for rebuilding Europe
• Reconstruction of Japan under General Douglas
  MacArthurs administration, which included the
  policies of demilitarization and democratization

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SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political
Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from
1945-1989

• Revolutionary Movement in India
• Mohandas K. Gandhi
• Leader of Indias independence movement from
  Great Britain
• Believed in passive resistance
• Inspired other non-violent protest movements,
  including Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Revolutionary Movement in China
• Mao Zedong
• Leader of Communist Party in China
• Defeated Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Chinese
  Nationalists
• Created the Peoples Republic of China after the
  Chinese Civil War in 1949

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SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political
Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from
1945-1989

• Formation of Israel
• Created out of a mandate in Palestine
  administered by Great Britain in 1948
• Supporters of the movement were called Zionists
• Nation-state for the Jewish people
• Creation resulted in conflict with Muslim, Arab
  neighbors of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, as well as
  displaced Palestinians

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SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political
Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from
1945-1989

• Cold War a state of diplomatic hostility between
  the United States and the USSR, 1946-1989
• Results of the Cold War
• Arms race development of mass stores of nuclear
  weapons and advancement in nuclear technology,
  including the development of the Hydrogen Bomb
  (1954) and ICBMs.
• Various conflicts around the world (Korea,
  Vietnam, Berlin, Cuba, etc)
• Space Race

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SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since
the 1960s

• Ethnic Conflict
• Ethnic Group A group of people who share a
  common language, culture, religion, history,
  and/or territory
• Cambodia the Khmer Rouge, a Communist movement
  led by Pol Pot, overthrew the government of
  Cambodia. During his rule from 1975-1979, Pol
  Pot targeted the following groups for torture and
  execution
• Ethnic Chinese, Laotians, and Vietnamese
• The crippled or lame
• Buddhist monks
• People with ties to western nations or western
  education
• Approximately 2 million people died during this
  genocide (the purposeful annihilation of a group
  or groups of people)

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SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since
the 1960s

• Ethnic Conflict (Continued)
• Former Yugoslavia Thousands of Bosnian Muslims
  were slaughtered by Christian Bosnian Serbs from
  1991-1995. In 1998, thousands of ethnic Albanians
  were also murdered by the Serbs.
• Rwanda Ethnic Hutus massacred 500,000-1,000,000
  ethnic Tutsis in 1994.

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SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since
the 1960s

• New Nationalisms
• Pan-Africanism movement seeking unity within
  Africa
• Pan-Arabism movement seeking unity among Arab
  people and nations of the Middle East

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SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since
the 1960s

• Global Terrorism the use of force or threats to
  frighten people or governments to change their
  policies
• Examples of Terrorism
• Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing, April 19,
  1995
• U.S.S. Cole attack, October 12, 2000
• World Trade Center, New York City, September 11,
  2001
• Effects of Terrorism
• Impacts daily life, including travel, world
  energy supplies, financial markets, and possibly
  civil liberties

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SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World

• The development of television, satellites, and
  computers (Internet) has resulted in greater
  cultural diffusion and diversity.

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SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World

• International Organizations exemplify greater
  globalization in politics (United Nations, North
  Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), G8),
  economics (World Trade Organization (WTO),
  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC), North American Free Trade Agreement
  (NAFTA), and multinational corporations
  (McDonalds, Nike)), culture (Amnesty
  International), and environment (Greenpeace).