EOCT Review and GHSGT Review in Biology

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EOCT Review and GHSGT Reviewin Biology

• Five Domains
• Cells
• Organisms
• Genetics
• Ecology
• Evolution

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CELLS

• Domain 1

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
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Cells

• Prokaryotic cell

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Cells

• Eukaryotic Cells

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Cells - Animal

• Eukaryotic

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileAnimal_cell_stru
cture_en.svg
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Cells

• Plant cell

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Located on my SCHS website
Cell component Function Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell component Function Bacteria Plants Animals
Nucleus Control center Contains DNA, RNA absent present Present
Cell wall Surrounds cell membrane Present Present Absent
Cell membrane Encloses cell regulates what enter and leaves the cell Present Present Present
Cytoplasm Site of biochemical reactions Present Present Present
Ribosome Protein synthesis Present Present Present
Endoplasmic reticulum Compound synthesis and Transport reactions Absent Present Present
Golgi apparatus Modify, sort, process and Packages compounds Absent Present Present
Vesicles Import and export of Compounds Absent Present Present
Lysosomes Digestion and recycling Absent Present Present
vacuoles Maintains structure(plants) Digestion and waste removal Storage Absent Present Present
Mitochondria Power supply (ATP) site of cellular Respiration Absent Present Present
Centrioles Part of the cytoskeleton Spindle formation in cell division Absent Absent Present
chloroplasts photosynthesis Absent Present Absent

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The Cell Membrane

• Selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bi-layer

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Cellular Transport

• Active transport
• 1. Requires ATP
• 2. Endocytosis
• 3. Exocytosis
• Water Cells in a solution
• Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic

• Passive transport
• 1. Diffusion
• 2. Osmosis
• 3. Facilitated trans-
• port

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Cellular Reproduction
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Mitosis maintains chromosome number occurs in
body cellsMeiosis reduces chromosome number
occurs in sex cells
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Enzymes
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Enzymes can be affected by

• pH
• Concentration
• Temperature

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Enzymes
Lock Key Model Of Enzyme Specificity
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                       
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Major Bio-molecules of Life(Macromolecules)

• Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) fuel
• Proteins (amino acids) build structures
• Lipids (fatty acids and glycerol) component of
  cell membranes and another source of energy
• Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) DNA and RNA
• Note ATP is required for all cellular
• activities.
• Visit SCHS website for more detail

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Cellular Energy

• Photosynthesis converts sunlight to chemical
  energy stored as food.
• (chloroplast)
• 6H2O 6CO2 ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2
• Cellular respiration provides energy to living
  things by releasing energy stored in bonds of
  glucose (mitochondria)
• C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O and energy
• 
  

• .

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Organisms

• Domain 2

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DNA

• DNA nucleotide

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DNA and RNA

• DNA carries genetic information nucleus Dbl.
  helix 4 nitrogen bases adenine, thymine,
  cytosine, guanine bonding A T C G
• RNA carries message from DNA to ribosomes to
  build proteins bases and bonding A U C G
  types of RNA
• m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA

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DNA Structure
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DNA Storing and Transmitting Cellular
Information

•  Key Terms
• Replication
• Transcription
• Translation
• Codon
• Amino acid
• Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
• Peptide chain

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Role of DNA in most cells

• Carry genetic information when the
• cell divides and reproduces.
• (2) Proteins are used to build structures.

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DNA Replication

• Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule
• New nucleotides move into place on the exposed
  DNA strands
• 2 new strands of DNA are now formed
• Each new strand contains a copy of the original
  DNA

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DNA Replication
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GENETICS

• Domain 2

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Levels of Classification
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Cladogram
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Tiger
Lizard
Fish
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Plant and Animals

• Tropisms
• Gravitropism
• Phototropism
• Thigmotropism

• Behaviors
• Reflex
• Instincts
• hibernation

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Animal Development
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Ecology

• Relationships between Organisms, Populations,
  Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes

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1. Population all the members of a species
   inhabiting a given location
2. Community all the interacting populations in a
   given area
3. Ecosystem the living community and the physical
   environment functioning together as an
   independent and relatively stable system
4. Biomes global or regional communities

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• 5. Biosphere that portion of the earth where
  life exists
• a. Composed of numerous complex
• ecosystems.
• b. An ecosystem involves interactions between
  abiotic (physical) and biotic (living) factors.
  

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Some Abiotic Factors

• 1. intensity of light
• 2. range of temperatures
• 3. amount of moisture
• 4. type of substratum (soil or rock type)
• 5. availability of inorganic substances such as
  minerals
• 6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, and nitrogen
• 7. pH

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Biotic factors

• All the living things that directly or indirectly
  affect the environment
• Thus, the organisms, their presence, parts,
  interaction, and wastes are all biotic factors.

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EVOLUTION
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Charles Darwin

• Wrote
• On the Origin of Species
• Proposed the theory of natural selection
• Organisms with beneficial adaptations get to mate
  and pass on their traits

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Natural Selection the best fit organisms
survive to reproduce

• Mechanisms of natural selection include
• Variation
• Overproduction
• Adaptation
• Descent with modificaion

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Evidence of Common Ancestry

• Fossils
• Biogeography
• Embryology
• Homologous structures
• Analogous structures
• Vestigial structures

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Bio-Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Section 15-3
Beaver
Beaver Muskrat Beaver andMuskrat Coypu
Capybara Coypu andCapybara
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu

• Evolution supports all fields of biology.

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• Embryology
• Figure 2.4.1. Cat and human embryos in the
  tailbud stage. A cat embryo is shown on top, a
  human embryo below. Note the post-anal tail in
  both, positioned at the lower left below the head
  of each. The human embryo is about 32 days old.

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Homologous Structures common origin, differ in
function, similar in structure. This diagram
shows Descent with Modification.
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Analogous Structures

• Analogous structures differ in structure, but
  similar is function.
• Example
• Bird wing
• Bat wing
• Insect wing

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Vestigial Pelvis of a Whale
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• The vestigial wings of ostriches may be used for
  relatively simple functions, such as balance
  during running and courtship displays. What
  defines ostrich wings as vestigial is that they
  are rudimentary wings which are useless as wings.

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Molecular and Genetic Evidence to Support
Evolution

• DNA - Analyze DNA base sequence
• Pseudogenes analyze vestigial segments of DNA

• Protein structure comparison
• Examine genes that determine structure

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Proof of Evolution in Biology

• Paleontologists study fossil in an effort to
  complete the fossil record

• All organisms share the same genetic code, and
  make most of the same proteins.

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Patterns in EvolutionEvolution through natural
selection is not random

• Organisms can converge on a body plan
• Related species can diverge from similar body
  plans.
• Two or more species can co-evolve in response to
  each other
• Convergent, divergent, and co-evolution

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