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Forestry across management and knowledge
systems Reviewing Canadian experiences in
harmonizing Aboriginal and industry interests
Stephen Wyatt1, Jean-François Fortier2, Solange
Nadeau3, David Natcher4, Ron Trosper5, Peggy
Smith6, Luc Bouthillier7, Martin Hébert7, 1
Faculté de foresterie, UMCE, 4165 boulevard
Hébert, Edmundston (N.-B.), swyatt_at_umce.ca 2
Laurentien Forest Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P.
10380, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 4C7 3Atalnatic
Forestry Centre, Fredericton (N.-B.), 4University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (SK) 5University of
British Columbia, Vancouver (C.-B.), 6Lakehead
University, Thunder Bay (ON), 7Université Laval,
Québec (QC)
Project objectives This project seeks to
synthesise the state of knowledge concerning ways
to harmonize Aboriginal and forest industry
interests in Canada, as well as experiences with
mapping and studies of Aboriginal use, occupation
and knowledge of forestlands. A review of the
various studies, research and projects across
Canada should allow us to identify best practices
to assist people on the ground to develop and
implement their own collaborative mechanisms for
sustainable management of forestlands.

• With such a diversity, how can we recognise the
  key factors which contribute to successfully
  harmonizing Aboriginal and industrial interests.
• What helps or harms collaboration ?
• What is harmonization, what is consultation ?
  
• Which is better - co-management, tenure or a
  joint venture ?
• How do we judge the success or failure of a
  project ?

Im even more confused now...

• Specifically, we will
• Establish a databank of case studies and existing
  research.
• Identify links between different approaches to
  collaboration and develop a common framework.
• Validate this framework with experts from
  Aboriginal Nations, industry and government.
• Describe the lessons learned and propose
  appropriate policy options.

Co-management
Partnerships
Harmonization
Traditionalknowledge
Tenure
MoUs
Consultation
Results et outputs
State of Knowledge report Collaboration and
harmonization A State of knowledge report on
collaboration and harmonization will present a
synthesis of Canadian experiences organised
around a number of key themes that are common to
a number of cases. We hope to identify an
analytical framework that will show the links
between these themes and potential ways of
supporting collaboration, as well as the barriers
that exist. The report will also consider
possible contributions for all groups, propose
policy options and identify future research needs.
A meta-synthesis This research uses an approach
called the meta-synthesis. This method enables us
to compare and analyse a range of different
qualitative case studies by integrating and
re-interpreting the results, concepts and models
(Finfgeld, 2003). We collect existing studies and
documents, take a sample of these using a set of
criteria, and develop a framework which covers
the variety of different concepts and conclusions
from the existing work (Bondas Hall, 2007 
Padgee et al. 2006  Beierle Cayford, 2002). It
is a research method that is appropriate for
reviewing knowledge about harmonization and
collaboration processes for Aboriginal peoples
involved in forest management in Canada. The
meta-synthesis allows us to use information from
different sources
State of Knowledge report Landuse and occupancy
studies Over the years, numerous landuse and
occupancy studies have been carried out across
Canada. However, the results have not always met
expectations of the groups involved. This report
will examine both success stories and problem
cases in order to identify best practices for
collecting, mapping and using traditional
knowledge, as well as the traps to avoid. We also
hope to better understand the links between such
studies and other approaches to collaboration and
harmonization. This report will also propose
policy options and identify ides for future
research.
Success or failure ? What makes the difference
? Although we do not yet know all the factors
that can lead to the success or failure of a
project, here are some of those that we will be
examining.
Databank The databank of case studies and
experiences will firstly be a tool for
documenting and comparing cases across Canada in
order to complete the two State of Knowledge
reports. However, we believe that this
information will also be an important resource
for Aboriginal nations, forestry companies and
governments who wish to learn from the
experiences of others, to improve their own
processes or to develop new ideas. We hope to be
able to make this databank available on the
internet for the benefit of all.
We need your help !
Collaboration and harmonization projects There
are hundreds or thousands of projects across
Canada. We know about some of them, but we would
like to learn of others. If you are involved in a
project, or if you know of an interesting or
innovative project, please provide us with some
information and the details of a person we could
contact ?
Workshops Much information always remains in the
heads and hearts of people involved and on-ground
experts - whether they are Aboriginal, from the
government, in the industry or academics. We will
be organising several workshops to enable these
experts to discuss and compare their ideas and
explanations and to check the ideas of the
research team. If you have particular experiences
with a number of collaboration cases, please let
us know and we will discuss how you can
contribute to our workshops.
Working papers and reports Internal reports,
working papers and project evaluations often
contain important information that can help us to
understand why a project succeeded or failed. If
you, or someone else, has such information and
you are prepared to share them, we ask you to
contact us. We would like to learn from your
experience, while also respecting the
confidentiality of your information.
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Collaboration and harmonization A range of
options for Aboriginal Nations and the forest
industry
Different options
Treaties and agreements
Business partnerships
Treaties and final agreements resolve major
questions about the control and the use of lands,
while sector agreements may be limited to a
single set of activities (such as forestry). All
of these establish power-sharing between
governments and Aboriginal Nations. Often they
will also create new governance institutions, or
renew traditional ones. Co-management Land
sharing Delegation
Business partnerships may take different forms.
Many Aboriginal Nations have established forestry
companies which sub-contract to the industry.
Elsewhere, communities and forest industries form
joint ventures, such as for a sawmill. Forestry
companies Joint ventures Contracting
Paix des braves James Bay Convention
(Qc) Divided up the land, established the
Cree-Quebec Forestry Council, etc.
Nisgaa (B.-C.) In 1998, the Nisgaa obtained 2
000 km2 of their land, but the forest industry
maintained its rights for 5 years.
Norsask Forest Products (Sk) In 1988, Norsask was
established as joint venture between Meadow Lake
Tribal Council et Millar Western. Now MLTC is
sole owner.
Services forestiers Atikamekw Aski, Wemotaci
(Qc) For over 25 years, SFAA has completed
management contracts for the industry.
Mapping and use of traditional knowledge
Aboriginal forest tenures
Obtaining a tenure on public forest lands, such
as a Forest Management Licence, gives an
Aboriginal nation rights and responsibilities
similar to those of forest industries. several
provinces have developed tenure options
specifically for Aboriginal nations. Licences
CAAF FRAs
Across Canada, researchers have studies
Aboriginal communities to learn about their use,
their occupation and their knowledge of
forestlands. However, It is often difficult to
use this information in forestland management
while respecting both Aboriginal and industry
interests. Occupation studies
Traditional knowledge
Scierie Opitciwan (Qc) The Atikamekw of Opitciwan
hold a CAAF which gives them management and
harvesting rights over a part of Nitaskinan.
Carrier-Sekani Nation (B.-C.) The seven
communities of the Carrier-Sekani Nation hold 29
forest tenures. Various tenure types have
different advantages and disadvantages.
Ndoho Istchee (Qc) A new process developed by the
Cree Model Forest so that families and elders can
contribute their knowledge in forest planning.
Chief Kerrys Moose An excellent book on the
issues and techniques associated with collecting
and using traditional knowledge. www.ecotrust.org/
publications
Forestry in evolution
Consultation
Forest management in Canada is changing. New
ideas, concepts and initiatives provide
opportunities for all actors to review their
vision, their practices, their existing
relationships, and to develop new
ones. Certification Ecosystem Model forests
management
Consultation is becoming more and more widespread
in forestry. There are numerous ways of doing
this, including Round Tables, public meetings and
advisory committees. It is important to know the
mandate or role of the process, who is managing
or leading it, how events will be organised and
who will be participating. Committee
Participation Round Table
 New relationship  (C.-B.) In 2005, BC First
Nations and the provincial government established
a new framework for negotiation and consultation.
Harmonization measures (Qc) Enable Aboriginal
communities and the industry to negotiate and
modify forestry plans and practices.
Cree Model Forest, Waswanipi (Qc) A partnership
between the Cree, the industry and the Quebec
government to develop new approaches to forest
management.
Ecosystem management Innu Nation of Labrador A
new management plan based on Innu vision and
priorities.
for achieving different objectives
Sharing benefits Forest harvesting and forest
land management provide economic benefits in
royalty payments, employment, business
opportunities, training, etc. Aboriginal Nations
expect to benefit from these opportunities, as do
the industry and the government.
A respectful forestry Many Nations are concerned
by the impact of forestry practices on the
environment and on their traditional
activities. They hope to see management which is
more respectful of forestlands.
Occupying the land For many Aboriginal people,
the forest is not just a place where there are
trees and animals. It is a place where they live,
essential for their identity and culture - a
milieu de vie. They wish to occupy the land
and care for it.
Responsibilities and rights for the land The link
between Aboriginal people and the land involves
their responsibilities and rights for this land.
Currently, there is much debate around question
of ancestral rights and Aboriginal title.
However, recognising these rights confirms a
particular way of occupying the land. This means
enabling Aboriginal people to identify and
develop their own ways of exercising their
responsibilities for the land.