LICHENS

1
LICHENS And MOSSES
Skagit Valley Provincial Park, BC, Canada
2
Lichens and Mosses
Overview

• Earths geological
• evolution
• Lichens
• Biology
• Mosses
• Biology
• Identification
• Illustrations
• Discussion

3
Lichens and Mosses
Earths Geological Evolution Laying the
groundwork for the evolution of todays plants
and animals

• Major Events
• Mass Extinctions
• Ice Ages
• Supercontinents
• Summary

4
Lichens and Mosses
Timeline of Life on Earth, Events
Flowering Plants
Lichen
T O D A Y
Mosses
First Land Plants
Conifers
First Life 3.5 Bil
Pre-Cambrian (4.6B 543M)
400
350
285
135
420
500 Mil
250 Mil
100 Mil
Aprox 4.6 Bil Years
3rd Atmosphere Oxygen 2.8 Bil
(543-248 mil)
(248-65 mil)
l
l
l
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Permian (290-248m) Cretaceous
(144-65m) Carboniferous (354-290m) Jurassic
(206-144m) Devonian (417-354m) Triassic
(248-206m) Silurian (443-417m)
Ordovician (490-443m) Cambrian (543-490m)
5
Lichens and Mosses

• Snowball
• Earth
• Greenhouse
• Earth
• Ozone
• Coal, Oil and Gas
• Dinosaurs
• Man

Timeline of Life on Earth, Events
Flowering Plants
T O D A Y
Lichen
Mosses
First Land Plants
Conifers
First Life 3.5 Bil
700
630
350
285
135
420
400
230
65
500 Mil
250 Mil
100 Mil
200K
Aprox 4.6 Bil Years
3rd Atmosphere Oxygen 2.8 Bil
(543-248 mil)
(248-65 mil)
l
l
l
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Permian (290-248m) Cretaceous
(144-65m) Carboniferous (354-290m) Jurassic
(206-144m) Devonian (417-354m) Triassic
(248-206m) Silurian (443-417m)
Pre-Cambrian (4.6B 543M)
Ordovician (490-443m) Cambrian (543-490m)
6
Lichens and Mosses
Timeline of Life on Earth Mass Extinctions

• Silurian
• Devonian
• Permian
• Triassic
• Cretaceous

Flowering Plants
T O D A Y
Lichen
Mosses
First Land Plants
Conifers
251
400
350
285
420
135
65
439
200
364
500 Mil
250 Mil
100 Mil
Aprox 4.6 Bil Years
(543-248 mil)
(248-65 mil)
l
l
l
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Permian (290-248m) Cretaceous
(144-65m) Carboniferous (354-290m) Jurassic
(206-144m) Devonian (417-354m) Triassic
(248-206m) Silurian (443-417m)
Pre-Cambrian (4.6B 543M)
Ordovician (490-443m) Cambrian (543-490m)
7
Lichens and Mosses
Timeline of Life on Earth Ice Ages

• Proterozoic
• Andean-Saharan (Ordovician/Silurian)
• Pennsylvanian (Karoo) (Permian)
• Neogene/Quaternary
• 60 advances and retreats
• 100k and 40k

T O D A Y
Flowering Plants
Lichen
Mosses
First Land Plants
Conifers
400
350
285
420
135
(460-430)
(850-630)
(350-260)
(4 - )
500 Mil
250 Mil
100 Mil
Aprox 4.6 Bil Years
(543-248 mil)
(248-65 mil)
l
l
l
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Permian (290-248m) Cretaceous
(144-65m) Carboniferous (354-290m) Jurassic
(206-144m) Devonian (417-354m) Triassic
(248-206m) Silurian (443-417m)
Pre-Cambrian (4.6B 543M)
Ordovician (490-443m) Cambrian (543-490m)
8
Lichens and Mosses
9
Ice Age Coverage
Laurentide Ice Sheet
Cordilleran Ice Sheet
Latest Previous
10
THE TEAYS RIVER
Two million years ago, ancient Ohios landscape
was dominated by a mighty river that rivaled the
majestic Nile in length and grandeur. The
prehistoric Teays River flowed nearly one
thousand miles from the heart of Appalachia to
the Gateway to the West, with wavy ribbons of
tributaries fanning out like the fronds of a fern
unfurling from the stem. (Ohio Department of
Natural Resources,Division of Parks and
Recreation)
11
Lichens and Mosses
Timeline of Life on Earth Supercontinents

• Rodinia
• Plate tectonics
• Pannotia
• Pangaea
• 250 my cycles
• Laurasia (60 mya)
• Gondwana (30 mya)
• Pangaea Ultima

T O D A Y
Flowering Plants
Lichen
Mosses
First Land Plants
Conifers
400
350
285
420
135
(1.1B-750)
(600-540)
(300-180)
Laurasia
Gondwana
500 Mil
250 Mil
100 Mil
Aprox 4.6 Bil Years
(543-248 mil)
(248-65 mil)
l
l
l
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Permian (290-248m) Cretaceous
(144-65m) Carboniferous (354-290m) Jurassic
(206-144m) Devonian (417-354m) Triassic
(248-206m) Silurian (443-417m)
Pre-Cambrian (4.6B 543M)
Ordovician (490-443m) Cambrian (543-490m)
12
Gondwana and the South Pole
Numbers reflect millions of years
13
Earth 100 Million Years Ago
Shallow seas flooded continents, reducing dry
land 100 million years ago after the breakup of
Pangaea.
14
The Last 500 Million Years Summary
First Land Plants
Conifers
Mosses
Oil Gas Coal
O3
Dinosaurs (230-65)
Man
Andean- Saharan Ice Age
Lichen
Flowering Plants
Current Ice Age
Pennsylvanian Ice Age
Pangaea
251
200
65
439
364
0 MYA
100 MYA
200 MYA
300 MYA
400 MYA
500 MYA
Triassic (248-206)
Jurassic (206-144)
Cretaceous (144-65)
Permian (290-248)
Devonian (417-354)
Carboniferous (354-290)
Silurian (443-417)
Ordovician (490-443)
Cambrian (543-490)
15
Lichens and Mosses
Cooksonia caledonica
(Late Silurian)
(A) Cooksonia caledonica reconstruction. Note
that the below-ground portions are unknown. (B)
Schematic protostele in transverse section. (C)
Cooksonia hemisphaerica ultimate segments with
sporangia.
http//www.xs4all.nl/steurh/engcook/ecookwal.html
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/Elp/Elp1.ht
ml
http//www.palaeos.com/Plants/Rhyniophytes/Cookson
ia.html
16
Lichens and Mosses

• Lichens
• Biology
• Creation
• Structure
• Types
• Facts
• Uses

cladonia lichen
17
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
                                 The Fungus
meets an Alga
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
                                 The Fungus
meets an Alga
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
                                 The Fungus
meets an Alga
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
                                 The Fungus
meets an Alga
The Fungus meets an Alga
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Biology Creation of a lichen
Algae cell is prepared to greet Fungus
Fungus is ready to greet an algae
The Lichen is created between the fungus and the
algae.
The Lichen - A Description
The Lichen - A Description
The Lichen - A Description
The Lichen - A Description

• The Sensitive Lichen
• Many lichens are very sensitive to pollution in
  the air. When there are too many harmful things
  in the air, lichens die. If you live where there
  are many lichens it probably means the air is
  clean. But, if there are only a few lichens in
  your neighborhood, the air you are breathing is
  probably clogged with automobile fumes or
  industrial wastes. For additional information
  about lichens and air pollution monitoring, see
  the following pages
• A classroom field guide to air quality monitoring
  with lichens
• US Forest Service Pacific NW Regions Air
  Monitoring program

• The Sensitive Lichen
• Many lichens are very sensitive to pollution in
  the air. When there are too many harmful things
  in the air, lichens die. If you live where there
  are many lichens it probably means the air is
  clean. But, if there are only a few lichens in
  your neighborhood, the air you are breathing is
  probably clogged with automobile fumes or
  industrial wastes. For additional information
  about lichens and air pollution monitoring, see
  the following pages
• A classroom field guide to air quality monitoring
  with lichens
• US Forest Service Pacific NW Regions Air
  Monitoring program

• The Sensitive Lichen
• Many lichens are very sensitive to pollution in
  the air. When there are too many harmful things
  in the air, lichens die. If you live where there
  are many lichens it probably means the air is
  clean. But, if there are only a few lichens in
  your neighborhood, the air you are breathing is
  probably clogged with automobile fumes or
  industrial wastes. For additional information
  about lichens and air pollution monitoring, see
  the following pages
• A classroom field guide to air quality monitoring
  with lichens
• US Forest Service Pacific NW Regions Air
  Monitoring program

• The Sensitive Lichen
• Many lichens are very sensitive to pollution in
  the air. When there are too many harmful things
  in the air, lichens die. If you live where there
  are many lichens it probably means the air is
  clean. But, if there are only a few lichens in
  your neighborhood, the air you are breathing is
  probably clogged with automobile fumes or
  industrial wastes. For additional information
  about lichens and air pollution monitoring, see
  the following pages
• A classroom field guide to air quality monitoring
  with lichens
• US Forest Service Pacific NW Regions Air
  Monitoring program

Useful Lichens Lichens are important in many
ways in the habitat. Some make the nitrogen in
the air usable to plants, They are homes for
spiders, mites, lice, and other insects. All are
important in the nutrient cycle in the places
where they grow.
Useful Lichens Lichens are important in many
ways in the habitat. Some make the nitrogen in
the air usable to plants, They are homes for
spiders, mites, lice, and other insects. All are
important in the nutrient cycle in the places
where they grow.
Useful Lichens Lichens are important in many
ways in the habitat. Some make the nitrogen in
the air usable to plants, They are homes for
spiders, mites, lice, and other insects. All are
important in the nutrient cycle in the places
where they grow.
Useful Lichens Lichens are important in many
ways in the habitat. Some make the nitrogen in
the air usable to plants, They are homes for
spiders, mites, lice, and other insects. All are
important in the nutrient cycle in the places
where they grow.
Humans have learned to use lichens in many
useful ways. People eat lichens (careful a few
are poisonous, so don't experiement without adult
help). Drug companies make antibiotics from
lichen substances. Lichens can also tell us if
the air is clear and clean because many lichens
die when the air gets polluted. One of the most
creative things people do with lichens is make
dyes to color wool. Below are some examples of
wools dyed with lichens. Some colors are very
subtle, while others are bright and cheerful.
Humans have learned to use lichens in many
useful ways. People eat lichens (careful a few
are poisonous, so don't experiement without adult
help). Drug companies make antibiotics from
lichen substances. Lichens can also tell us if
the air is clear and clean because many lichens
die when the air gets polluted. One of the most
creative things people do with lichens is make
dyes to color wool. Below are some examples of
wools dyed with lichens. Some colors are very
subtle, while others are bright and cheerful.
Humans have learned to use lichens in many
useful ways. People eat lichens (careful a few
are poisonous, so don't experiement without adult
help). Drug companies make antibiotics from
lichen substances. Lichens can also tell us if
the air is clear and clean because many lichens
die when the air gets polluted. One of the most
creative things people do with lichens is make
dyes to color wool. Below are some examples of
wools dyed with lichens. Some colors are very
subtle, while others are bright and cheerful.
Humans have learned to use lichens in many
useful ways. People eat lichens (careful a few
are poisonous, so don't experiement without adult
help). Drug companies make antibiotics from
lichen substances. Lichens can also tell us if
the air is clear and clean because many lichens
die when the air gets polluted. One of the most
creative things people do with lichens is make
dyes to color wool. Below are some examples of
wools dyed with lichens. Some colors are very
subtle, while others are bright and cheerful.
To try out a query and lichen secrets
photographs. Return to Front Page
To try out a query and lichen secrets
photographs. Return to Front Page
To try out a query and lichen secrets
photographs. Return to Front Page
To try out a query and lichen secrets
photographs. Return to Front Page
Address questions toNACSE questions
Address questions toNACSE questions
Address questions toNACSE questions
Address questions toNACSE questions
18
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Biology Symbiotic relationship

• If the fungus and algae are compatible - lichen
  body
• Thallas
• Selective union
• Combination - unique thallus body
• Thallus body names and identifications
• Scientific names fungus
• Algae Photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates
• Sugar, thiamine and biotin
• Fungus - Structure
• Desiccation

19
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Biology Structure
20
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Structure
21
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Types

• Most Common
• Crustose crusty
• Foliose leafy
• Fruticose shrubby

22
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Types Crustose
23
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Types Foliose
24
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Types Fruticose
25
Lichens and Mosses

• Lichen Facts
• Kingdom Fungi/algae not Plant
• Association not a true species
• 13,500 species globally
• Extraordinarily hardy harsh
  environments/barren
• Most fungi Ascomycetes sac fungi
• Most algae Protoctista green algaes
• Reproduce by fragmenting or by producing
  soredia
• Slow growth - sensitive to disturbance
• Many help line calls - No damage to trees

26
Lichens and Mosses
Lichen Uses

• Food
• Soil formation
• Medicines - Antibiotics
• Clean air indicators
• Nitrogen fixer
• Homes for spiders, mites, lice, birds insects
• Dyes

27
Lichens and Mosses
Photograph of foliose lichen on basalt taken at
Ulupo, Kailua, O'ahu, Hawai'i by Eric Guinther
28
Lichens and Mosses
Photograph of fruticose lichen on tree branch
taken at Kolekole Pass, Schofield Barracks,
O'ahu, Hawai'i by Eric Guinther
29
Lichens and Mosses
Map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum)
30
Lichens and Mosses
Caribou moss (Cladonia rangiferina).
31
Lichens and Mosses
Foliose lichen grows on a fallen log.
32
Lichens and Mosses
Lichens on Limestones of Alta Murgia-Southern
Italy
33
Mosses
34
Moss, the Great Divider Good or Bad?
Paul James, Gardening by the Yard

• Half - good / Half - bad
• Useful and beautiful, yet
• Presence signals problems

35
Moss, the Great Divider Good or Bad?

• Poorly drained, persistently wet soils
• Acidic soil conditions
• Medium to dense shade
• Repeated scalping of turf on uneven terrain
• Compacted soils

36
Lichens and Mosses
OSU Extension Research, Bulletin Ornamental
Plants Annual Reports and Research Reviews Weed
Problems in Ohio Landscapes and Nurseries 1996
ohioline.osu.edu/sc154/sc154_09.html Moss
Moss was reported during the week of May 16,
1996. It was favored by the wet conditions this
spring. Homeowners may incorrectly believe that
the moss is killing the grass when in fact, moss
grows where environmental conditions challenge
turf growth and establishment. Generally, moss
thrives in areas that have poor drainage, poor
light quality, inadequate air circulation, low
fertility, low or high pH, compacted soil, or a
combination of these conditions. Although there
are several materials labeled for moss control,
they are considered a temporary solution. Moss
can be successfully managed by correcting
conditions which challenge turf establishment and
growth. Nutrient deficits and low/high pH can be
revealed and thus corrected by using a soil test.
Soil compaction can be alleviated by core
aeration poor light quality and inadequate air
circulation can be corrected by thinning or
removing trees and shrubs.
37
Lichens and Mosses
True Mosses?
Spanish moss Irish moss Club mosses Moss
pink Bright green moss in ponds / slow-moving
streams Reindeer moss
38
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses?
Spanish moss - Tillandsia, pineapple
family Irish moss Arenaria verna Club mosses -
lycophytes (true vascular plants) Moss pink
phlox subulata Moss found in ponds slow-moving
streams - green algae Reindeer moss - genus
Cladonia - Lichen
Club moss (Lycopodium annotinum)
39
Lichens and Mosses

• Mosses
• Biology
• Nonvascular Plants
• Classification
• Morphology
• Water Transport
• Development
• Reproduction
• Metabolism Ecology
• Origins and Evolution
• Uses
• Identification
• Pictures

Robert Muma
40
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses

• Bryophytes - Non-vascular plants
• Mosses
• Liverworts
• Hornworts
• Embryophytes (nonalgal plants)
• One cell thick
• No vascular tissue
• Not composed of filaments
• Almost exclusively terrestrial
• Cuticle covers much of their bodies
• Many have stomata
• Life cycle similar to vascular plants
• Gametophyte is prominent

41
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses
Hornwort
Liverwort
42
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses- Classification
6 Classes of Mosses (3 Major) Class Sphagnopsida
Sphagnum Class Andreaeopsida Andreaea,
Neuroloma Class Bryopsida Atrichum, Bryum,
Buxbaumia, Dicranum, Fissidens, Funaria,
Grimmia, Mnium, Physcomitrium, Polytrichum
43
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Morphology Water Transport
sporophyte
4
3
gametophyte
stem
2
1
44
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Development
1
6

• Protonema
• Buds/Rhizoids
• Gametophyte
• generation
• Dioecious
• Monoecious
• Sporophyte
• generation
• Parasitic
• Calyptra

2
5
4
3
45
Lichens and Mosses
Bud
Rhizoids
Protonema
46
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Development
Certain mosses also have stomata on their
capsules (sporophytes).
47
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Reproduction
5
6
4

• Sexual
• Gametophyte
• generation
• Sporophyte
• generation
• - Water
• Asexual
• Fragmentation
• Gemmae
• Bulbils

2
3
1
48
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Reproduction Sexual
Archeginia
Antheridia
49
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Reproduction Sexual
50
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Reproduction Asexual
Silvery thread moss (Bryum argenteum) is one of
the most common turf competitors in the landscape
in either high- or low-maintenance situations.
51
Gemmae Bulbils
Bulbils
Gemmae
52
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Metabolism and Ecology

• Key to success and survival
• Size and tissue type
• Weaknesses
• Vascular plants
• Trees
• Strengths
• Microhabitats and microclimates
• Tolerance to desiccation
• 30 threshold
• Dense clumps
• Climate range - seasons
• Temperate
• Deserts and dry ranges
• Polar and high mountain
• Wide temperature tolerance (-196C to 100C)
• Create environment for higher forms of plant
  life

53
Eurhynchium hians is a very fine moss appearing
like a green haze in the grass of shady places.
You will recognize it most readily by the almost
round and quite concave leaves on fresh growth in
spring. This specimen came from our own back yard
in Toronto (Ontario, Canada) where it is quite a
common dooryard moss. Called Eurhynchium Moss
found in forested flood plains. Found around
Athens, Ohio.
54
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Metabolism and Ecology

• Key to success and survival
• Size and tissue type
• Weaknesses
• Vascular plants
• Trees
• Strengths
• Microhabitats and microclimates
• Tolerance to desiccation
• 30 threshold
• Dense clumps
• Climate range - seasons
• Temperate
• Deserts and dry ranges
• Polar and high mountain
• Wide temperature tolerance (-196C to 100C)
• Create environment for higher forms of plant
  life

55
Fissidens taxifolius is one of the commonest
species of this unique genus of mosses in Ontario
(Canada) which has a dozen species. There are
more species of Fissidens mosses around the world
than any other genus and most of them are in the
tropics. Notice the unusual leaf construction, a
distinguishing characteristic of this genus. This
species will be found along shady banks and the
edges of streams. This specimen is from our
ravine where it covers the whole of the
north-facing hillside.
56
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Origin and Evolution

• Unknown - sparse fossil evidence
• 350 mya
• Multiple theories
• Non-vasculars from vascular plants
• Simplification
• Evolved separately
• Some evolved from vascular not all
• Hornworts
• From some intermediate
• Green algae then ?
• No definitive answer
• Most likely
• One chloroplast
• By Permian Period (290-248 mya)
• Moss fossils are as complex as today
• Liverworts have older fossil record 400m vs 300m

57
Funaria hygrometrica is a very common moss
especially on ground where there has been a fire,
or ashes have been dumped. It is found worldwide
in slightly varying forms. This magnificent
specimen demonstrates the gem-like beauty of the
maturing spore cases. Note the twisting of the
setae which accounts for its popular name of Cord
Moss. In maturity the setae (stems) when dry
twist like a cord, often becoming hopelessly
entwined in the process. Note the lone
sporophyte which failed to mature and remains
straight and unaffected by humidity changes. 
58
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Uses
59
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Threats

• Birds
• Nesting materiel
• Squirrels and chipmunks
• Pollution
• Car exhaust
• Weeds
• Grass
• Drought
• Seasonal sunlight
• Leaves, needles and tree debris
• Man

60
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Threats - Man

• Chemicals to avoid
• - Zinc compounds
• Zinc chloride
• Zinc sulfate
• - Zinc strips
• - Potassium salts
• - Other sulfates
• Ammonium sulfate
• Copper sulfate
• Iron sulfate
• - Lime
• - Bleach
• - Glyphosate

61
Lichens and Mosses
Mosses Identification

• Most obvious naked eye
• Size
• Color
• Substrate
• Location/microclimate
• Most definitive
• Capsule
• Problem
• Other identifiers
• Number of Peristome teeth
• Leaf size and shape
• Leaf arrangement on stem

62
Lichens and Mosses
One must look closely to tell one moss from
another!
63
Lichens and Mosses
Polytrichum juniperum
Tortula muralis
Sphagnum
Ptychomnion aciculare
Schistidium apocarpum
Plagiomnium novae-zealandiae
64
Lichens and Mosses
Rock Cap Moss
Dicranum
65
Lichens and Mosses
Cushion Moss
Leucobryum
66
Lichens and Mosses
Haircap Moss
Polytrichum
67
Lichens and Mosses
Fern Moss
Thuidium
68
Lichens and Mosses
Rock and sand substrates Racomitrium
aciculare Lawns        Eurhynchium
pulchellum        Calliergonella cuspidate     
  Polytricum juniperinum        Concrete,
brick or mortared rock        Barbula indica 
      Tortula muralis
69
Anomodon attenuatus
Anomodon Moss
70
Atrichum angustatum
Catherines Moss
71
Atrichum undulatum
Catherines Moss
72
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Aulacomnium Moss
73
Aulacomnium palustre
Ribbed Bog Moss
74
Bartramia pomiformis
Apple Moss
75
Bryoandersonia illicebra
Spoon-leaved Moss
76
Bryum argenteum
Silver Moss
77
Climacium dendroides
Tree Moss
78
Dicranella heteromalla
Silky Forklet  Moss
79
Dicranum scoparium
Broom Moss
80
Diphyscium foliosum
Grain Moss
81
Entodon cladorrhizans
Entodon Moss
82
Fissidens adianthoides
Fissidens Moss
83
Fontinalis sphagnifolia
Fontinalis Moss
84
Funaria hygrometrica
Cord Moss
85
Hedwigia ciliata
White-tipped Moss
86
Hylocomium splendens
Stair-step Moss
87
Hypnum curvifolium
Curveleaf Hypnum Moss
88
Hypnum pallescens
Hypnum Moss
89
Leucobryum glaucum
White Cushion Moss
90
Mnium affine
Toothed Mnium
91
Mnium hornum
Horn Calcareous Moss
92
Pleurozium schreberi
Big Red Stem Moss
93
Polytrichum commune
Hairy-cap Moss
94
Polytrichum juniperinum
Hairy-cap Moss
95
Polytrichum ohioense
Hairy-cap Moss
96
Polytrichum piliferum
Hairy-cap Moss
97
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Plume Moss
98
Rhytidium rugosum
Rhytidium Moss
99
Rhodobryum roseum
Rose Moss
100
Sphagnum palustre
Peat Moss
101
Tetraphis pellucida
Georgia Moss
102
Thuidium delicatulum
Delicate Fern Moss
103
Lichens and Mosses
Acknowledgements
Botany, Third Edition, An Introduction to Plant
Biology, (2003) by James D. Mauseth, University
of Texas, Austin, Texas, Jones and
Bartlett Bryophyte Ecology, by Janice M. Glime,
Michigan Technological University (MTU),
Botanical Society Of America (BSA),
International Association of Bryologists (IAB),
2006 Published online at http//www.bryoecol.mtu.e
du/ Moss Gardening, (1997, 11th Printing, 2007)
by George Schenk, Timber Press Manual Of The
Mosses Of North America, by Leo Lesquereux and
Thomas P. James, S.E. Cassino, Legacy Reprint
Series Mosses and Liverworts, (2005) by Ron
Porley and Nick Hodgetts, Harper
Collins Outstanding Mosses and Liverworts of
Pennsylvania and Nearby States, (2006)by Susan
Munch, Albright College Gathering Moss, A
Natural and Cultural History of Mosses, (2003) by
Robin Wall Kimmerer, Oregon State University
Press OSU Special Circular 189, Ornamental
Plants Annual Reports and Research Reviews
2002 http//ohioline.osu.edu/sc189/sc189_23.html
OSU Special Circular 195, Ornamental Plants
Annual Reports and Research Reviews
2004 http//ohioline.osu.edu/sc195/029.html

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Moss Acres303 Upper Woods RoadHonesdale, PA
18431U.S.A. 1-866-GET-MOSS             (438-66
77) http//www.mossacres.com E-mailinfo_at_mossacr
es.com
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Lichens and Mosses
Factoid Use moss as a compass?
106
Lichens and Mosses
QUESTIONS ?
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Lichens and Mosses
Twelve Mosses and Lichens
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Lichens and Mosses