Apresentao do PowerPoint

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The Indo-Portuguese Creole of Diu participant',
alien' or observer' of the Indian linguistic
area?
SCONLI, February 19th, 2009 Hugo C. Cardoso Univ.
of Amsterdam
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Indo-Portuguese?

• The product(s) of contact between Indian
  civilization(s) and Portuguese culture.
• Contact between Portugal and India ( Sri Lanka,
  Bangladesh) from 1498 onwards.
• Coastal contact, wide geographic distribution.
• Multifaceted

Indo-Portuguese
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Indo-Portuguese?

• The product(s) of contact between Indian
  civilization(s) and Portuguese culture.
• Contact between Portugal and India ( Sri Lanka,
  Bangladesh) from 1498 onwards.
• Coastal contact, wide geographic distribution.
• Multifaceted

Architecture
Indo-Portuguese
Art
Language
People
Cuisine
etc.
History
etc.
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Indo-Portuguese creoles

• A number of Portuguese-based creole languages
  spoken in the South Asia region.
• Portuguese colonisation in India from 1500
  until 1961 (Goa, Daman and Diu).
• Several varieties, geographically discrete,
  reflecting different patterns of linguistic
  contact (different local adstrate).
• Most varieties extinct

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Indo-Portuguese some recorded varieties
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Indo-Portuguese nowadays
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IP at present

• Daman (U.T.) 4000 speakers, incl. children
• Korlai (MH) 760 speakers, entirely Christian
  village
• Diu (U.T.) 170 speakers, incl. children
• Cannanore/Kannur (KL) 6 elderly speakers
• Cochin/Kochi (KL) 1 elderly speaker
• Dadra and Nagar-Haveli (U.T.) ? (awaiting
  prospection)
• Sri Lanka ? (last available data from 1980s).

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Formation of IP creoles

• Chronology early in the colonisation period
  (i.e.16th century) - records of mixed Indian and
  European offspring as early as 1516.
• Linguistic contact involving
• a) South Asian languages Gujarati, Marathi,
  Malayalam, Tamil, Sinhala, Bengali, etc.
• b) Portuguese (Pidgin?)?
• 16th- through 19th-century documents refer to
  role of Portuguese for communication in Asia
  common epithet corrupt/broken Portuguese (coll.
  Lopes 1936).

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Diu Indo-Portuguese
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Diu

• Island territory off the coast of Gujarat
  Saurashtra region.
• Centrally administered as a Union Territory
  along with Daman, Dadra and Nagar-Haveli
  (geographically discrete).
• Present-day population 40,000.
• Population break-up Hindus ( 37,000, 93),
  Muslims ( 3,400, 6), Christians ( 250,
  0.6), Jains (minority).

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Map of Diu
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Diu Indo-Portuguese

• Contact with (Kathiawadi) Gujarati.
• (Colonial presence in Diu 1535 - 1961)?
• Spoken by members of the Hindu, Muslim and
  Christian communities.
• Native speakers estimate 170, all Christian.
• In younger generation, knowledge restricted to
  the Christian community.
• Co-exists in Diu with standard Portuguese (main
  lexifier), contact with Daman IP.

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Questions and method

• To what extent does the Indo-Portuguese creole
  of Diu (DIP) align with its neighbouring
  language(s) in typological terms, and how much of
  it was brought about by convergence with
  Gujarati?
• How does this relate to the proposed Indian
  linguistic area (ILA)?
• Step 1 literature review for collation of
  features recognised as pertaining to the ILA.
• Step 2 ascertaining the presence, absence
  and/or contingent effects of these features in
  DIP.

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Selected ILA features
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DIP alignment
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DIP alignment
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Stress
Stress is non-contrastive and perceptually weak
in various Indian languages (leading to
disagreement about its conceptual relevance). In
DIP, stress falls consistently on the last
syllable it is therefore not lexically
determined and not contrastive. In etymological
terms, the DIP stressed syllable normally
corresponds to the stressed syllable in
Portuguese, and any subsequent syllable did not
survive ex. PT alPARca gt DIP alPAK PT MÚsica gt
DIP MUZ
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Word order 1

• Like Portuguese, the basic word order in DIP
  simple declaratives is SVO, and in ditransitive
  constructions the IO occurs after the DO
• yo t? kuzi??a aroz ku pex.
• 1s IPFV.NPST cook-INF rice and fish
• 'I'm cooking fish and rice.'
• n?s de-w di?er p? igrej.
• 1P give-PST money DAT church
• 'We gave money to the church.'

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Word order 2

• There is however a high degree of flexibility
  when it comes to the placement of constituents in
  actual speech, like in most members of the ILA
• tud yo sab faz-e.
• all 1s know.NPST make-INF
• 'I can do everything.'

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Word order 3

• A preverbal focus position (reminiscent of e.g.
  Gujarati) is operative and often results in
  atypical word order
• d? nige yo n? t? fik-a
  med.
• of nobody 1s NEG IPFV.NPST become-INF fear
• 'I am not scared of anyone.'

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Word order 4

• The SVO tendency and preverbal focus are
  contradictory if O is focussed, and in certain
  cases combine leading to predicate doubling
• ãt kast?l ?-r prizãw ?-r
  n??
• before fort COP-PST prison COP-PST REQ
• 'Earlier the fort was a prison, n??'

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Word order 5

• Departures from the prototypical word order often
  respond to constituent ellipsis, which is as
  unconstrained in DIP as it is in most members of
  the ILA
• kume nã te n?? p?b mem
  n??
• food NEG have.NPST REQ poor EMPH REQ
• 'I have no food, n?? I am very poor,
  n??'

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Word order 6

• DIP (and Portuguese) use prepositions where most
  ILA members use postpositions
• DIP ku kuy?r n? bastãt paiz
• PT com colher em vários países
• with spoon in various
  country(ies)
• GJ camci-thi juda juda
  des-o-mã
• colher-INS diferente diferente
  país-PL-LOC
• The exception is the optional postposition of
  part of a complex adposition such as jut d?
  '(together) with' (e.g. jut d? Leslie gt d? Leslie
  jut gt Leslie jut)?

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Word order 7

• Concerning the order of possessor and possessee,
  DIP is quite strict in that pronominal possessors
  precede the head noun and lexical possessors
  follow there is however a budding tendency to
  also place lexical possessors in prenominal
  position
• d? t?t? kaz j? b?ze-w?
• of T. house already bless-PST
• 'Has he already blessed T?t?'s house?'

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Standard of comparison
In Portuguese, comparative constructions follow
the structure Comparee-V-(Mod)Parameter-COMP-Stan
dard. In various Indian languages, the standard
of comparison is case-marked with an oblique
case. In Gujarati, for instance, the structure of
the comparative is either Comparee-AblStandard-Pa
rameter-V or AblStandard-Comparee-Parameter-V.
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Standard of comparison

• In DIP, the structure of the comparative is
  Comparee-V-(Mod)Parameter-COMP-AblStandard.
• gali? ? may barat ki
  d? karner.
• chicken COP.NPST more cheap COMP ABL mutton
• 'Chicken is cheaper than mutton.'
• DIP therefore combines a Portuguese-type
  structure with the ILA feature of oblique marking
  on the standard of comparison.

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Dative subjects

• Used in DIP when the subject is non agentive
  experiencer, subjects of sensory verbs or with no
  control over the action are Dative-marked
• a mi t? sit-i
  fri.
• DAT 1s.OBL IPFV.NPST feel-INF cold
• 'I feel cold.'
• p? ?l t?me aprende-w purt?gez ku
  n?s.
• DAT 3sf also learn-PST portuguese with 1p
• 'She also learnt Portuguese from us.'

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Participant, alien, observer?
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Participant, alien, observer?

• The question of the participation of DIP in the
  ILA is a non-question, in the sense that the
  established members of the ILA are not required
  to fulfill all the most salient typological
  requirements.
• The comparative study highlighted the
  typological duality of DIP as well as its flux
  (tending towards convergence with Gujarati).
• On a sociopolitical level, realising
  commonalities of DIP and the ILA may be relevant
  to legitimise it as a language of India.

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Thanks.