Oxygen Family

1
Oxygen Family

• The Chalcogens

2
Elements in the Oxygen Family

• Oxygen
• Sulfur
• Selenium
• Tellurium
• Polonium

3
Oxygen Family Relations

• Six electrons on the outermost energy level.
• Occur naturally as free elements and in combined
  states
• Three nonmetals, one metalloid, and one metal.

4
Where to Find

• All of these elements occur naturally.
• Exists in several allotropic forms
• Exist in diatomic and polyatomic molecules
• Commonly exist in compounds with the -2 oxidation
  state but often exhibit other oxidation states

5
Physical Findings

• Oxygen is found in air, and in plants
• Sulfur is obtained naturally
• Selenium is obtained by, refining of lead,
  copper, nickel
• Tellurium by-product of refining of lead and
  copper
• Polonium, pitchblende, decay of radium

6
Real-World Uses
7
Properties of the Oxygen Family
8
Oxygen

• Symbol O Atomic Number 8 Atomic Mass 15.9994
  amu Melting Point -218.4 C (54.750008 K,
  -361.12 F) Boiling Point -183.0 C (90.15 K,
  -297.4 F) Number of Protons/Electrons 8
  Number of Neutrons 8 Classification Non-Metal
  Crystal Structure Cubic Density _at_ 293 K 1.429
  g/cm3 Color colorless

9
Atomic Structure of Oxygen

•  Number of Energy Levels 2 First Energy Level
  2 Second Energy Level 6

10
Facts of Oxygen

• Date of Discovery 1774 Discoverer Joseph
  Priestly Name Origin From the Greek words oxus
  (acid) and gennan (generate) Uses supports life
  Obtained From from liquid air

11
Sulfur

• Symbol S Atomic Number 16 Atomic Mass 32.066
  amu Melting Point 112.8 C (385.95 K,
  235.04001F) Boiling Point 444.6 C (717.75 K,
  832.28 F) Number of Protons/Electrons 16
  Number of Neutrons 16 Classification
  Non-Metal Crystal Structure Orthorhombic
  Density _at_ 293 K 2.07 g/cm3 Color yellow

12
Atomic Structure of Sulfur

• Number of Energy Levels 3 First Energy Level 2
  Second Energy Level 8 Third Energy Level 6

13
Facts of Sulfur

• Date of Discovery Known to the ancients
  Discoverer Unknown Name Origin From the Latin
  word sulfur (brimstone) Uses matches,
  gunpowder, medicines Obtained From naturally

14
Selenium

• Symbol Se Atomic Number 34 Atomic Mass 78.96
  amu Melting Point 217.0 C (490.15 K, 422.6 F)
  Boiling Point 684.9 C (958.05005 K, 1264.8201
  F) Number of Protons/Electrons 34 Number of
  Neutrons 45 Classification Non-metal Crystal
  Structure Hexagonal Density _at_ 293 K 4.79 g/cm3
  Color gray

15
Atomic Structure of Selenium

• Number of Energy Levels 4
• First Energy Level 2 Second Energy Level 8
  Third Energy Level 18 Fourth Energy Level 6

16
Facts of Selenium

• Date of Discovery 1817 Discoverer Jons
  Berzelius Name Origin From the Greek word
  Selênê (Moon) Uses photoelectric cells, TV
  cameras Obtained From refining of lead, copper,
  nickel

17
Tellurium

• Symbol Te Atomic Number 52 Atomic Mass 127.6
  amu Melting Point 449.5 C (722.65 K, 841.1 F)
  Boiling Point 989.8 C (1262.95 K, 1813.64 F)
  Number of Protons/Electrons 52 Number of
  Neutrons 76 Classification Metalloid Crystal
  Structure Hexagonal Density _at_ 293 K 6.24 g/cm3
  Color silverish

18
Atomic Structure of Tellurium

• Number of Energy Levels 5
• First Energy Level 2 Second Energy Level 8
  Third Energy Level 18 Fourth Energy Level 18
  Fifth Energy Level 6

19
Facts of Tellurium

• Date of Discovery 1782 Discoverer Franz Muller
  von Reichenstein Name Origin From the Greek
  word tellus (Earth) Uses coloring of glass and
  ceramics, thermoelectric devices Obtained From
  by-product of refining of lead and copper

20
Polonium

• Symbol Po Atomic Number 84 Atomic Mass
  (209.0) amu Melting Point 254.0 C (527.15 K,
  489.2 F) Boiling Point 962.0 C (1235.15 K,
  1763.6 F) Number of Protons/Electrons 84
  Number of Neutrons 125 Classification
  Metalloid Crystal Structure Monoclinic Density
  _at_ 293 K 9.4 g/cm3 Color Unknown

21
Atomic Structure of Polonium

• Number of Energy Levels 6
• First Energy Level 2 Second Energy Level 8
  Third Energy Level 18 Fourth Energy Level 32
  Fifth Energy Level 18 Sixth Energy Level 6

22
Facts of Polonium

• Date of Discovery 1898 Discoverer Pierre and
  Marie Curie Name Origin After Poland Uses No
  uses known Obtained From pitchblende, decay of
  radium

23
Quick Quiz
24
Question 1

• How many metals are in the oxygen family?
• A). 1
• B). 2
• C). 3
• D). 4

25
Question 2

• How many valence electrons do elements in the
  oxygen family have?
• A). 2
• B). 3
• C). 5
• D). 6

26
Question 3

• How many elements are in the oxygen family?
• A). 4
• B). 5
• C). 6
• D). 10

27
Question 4

• There are ______ metalloids in the oxygen family.
• A). 1
• B). 2
• C). 3
• D). 4

28
Question 5

• Oxygen itself is a ______.
• A). Compound
• B). Metalloid
• C). Nonmetal
• D). Metal

29
Answers

• A
• D
• B
• A
• C

30
Bibliography

• 17 Oct. 2005 lthttp//www.chemicalelements.comgt.
• The Oxygen Family. The New Book of Popular
  Science.