Using Quotations in Scholarly Writing

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Using Quotations in Scholarly Writing

• John A. Cagle

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Each time research material is used

• First, you write a sentence expressing a point
  you want to make at this part of your paper.
• Second, you properly use and cite your research
  material.
• Third, you comment upon the quotation and/or
  state how the quotation supports the point youre
  making.

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Plagiarism

• Failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas
• Failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation
  marks
• Failing to put summaries and paraphrases into
  your own words.

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Original Source

• No animal has done more to renew interest in
  animal intelligence than a beguiling, bilingual
  bonobo named Kanzi, who has the grammatical
  abilities of a 21/2 year old child and a taste
  for movies about cavemen.
• Eugene Linden, Animals, p. 57.

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Plagiarism

• According to Eugene Linden, no animal has done
  more to renew interest in animal intelligence
  than a beguiling, bilingual bonobo named Kanzi,
  who has the grammatical abilities of a 2 1/2 year
  old child and a taste for movies about cavemen
  (57).

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Borrowed Language in Quotation Marks

• According to Eugene Linden, No animal has done
  more to renew interest in animal intelligence
  than a beguiling, bilingual bonobo named Kanzi,
  who has the grammatical abilities of a 2 1/2 year
  old child and a taste for movies about cavemen
  (57).

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Each time research material is used

• First, you write a sentence expressing a point
  you want to make at this part of your paper.
• Second, you properly use and cite your research
  material. See next slide
• Third, you comment upon the quotation and/or
  state how the quotation supports the point youre
  making.

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To properly use a quotation

• Integrate the quotation (or paraphrase or
  material) into your language with a signal
  phrase.
• Insert the quotation or paraphrase.
• Put the parenthetical citation at the end.

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Signal Phrases

• In the words of Eugene Linden, No animal . . .
• As Eugene Linden wrote, No animal . . .
• One researcher, Eugene Linden, claimed that no
  animal . . .
• No animal, Linden pointed out, has done more .
  . .
• Linden offered the argument that no animal has .
  . .

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Using Research in Writing

• First, each piece of information is embedded in a
  paragraph you have written in support of your
  thesis. It does not stand alone. Whether a
  paraphrase or a direct quotation or a summary of
  facts or important facts themselves, each piece
  of information is woven into the fabric of your
  ideas.
• Second, the source of each piece of information
  is acknowledged in the text of your paper and
  given a proper citation.  This is called an
  in-text citation.
• Third, the full bibliographic information is
  given for each source in a Works Cited page at
  the end of the paper.
• Finally, the paper needed to be presented in a
  professional format.

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General Format of Paragraph
Your topic sentence xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx. Your statement of a point developing
the topic sentence xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx. A signal phrase introduces the quotation,
"The quotation or paraphrase goes here xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx" (Author 43). A comment
or interpretation of the quotation which links
back to the topic sentence follows the use of the
quotation xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
Your statement of a second point developing the
topic sentence xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx.. A summary sentence reiterating the main
point of the paragraph and, perhaps, a transition
to the point of the next paragraph.
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Signal phrase
Luis Bunuel wrote of life in the upper class in
Spain "The only thing my father would carry in
the street was his elegantly wrapped jar of
caviar. According to social convention, men of
'rank' were never supposed to carry anything
that's what servants were for. Even when I went o
my music lesson, my governess always carried the
violin case" (25).
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Author not in signal phrase
There was considerable difference between the
upper class and the worker in Spain. As a Spanish
director observed about his childhood, "The only
thing my father would carry in the street was his
elegantly wrapped jar of caviar. According to
social convention, men of 'rank' were never
supposed to carry anything that's what servants
were for. Even when I went o my music lesson, my
governess always carried the violin case" (Bunuel
25).
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Set off long quotations

• Desmond describes how Washoe tried signing to
  the other apes
• One particularly memorable day, a snake spread
  terror through the castaways on the ape island,
  and all but one fled in panic. This male sat
  absorbs, staring intently at the serpent. Then
  Washoe was seen running over signing to him
  come, hurry up. (42)

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Authors name in Signal Phrase

• According to Eugene Linden, No animal has done
  more to renew interest in animal intelligence
  than a beguiling, bilingual bonobo named Kanzi,
  who has the grammatical abilities of a 2 1/2 year
  old child and a taste for movies about cavemen
  (57).

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Author not in Signal Phrase

• According to one writer, No animal has done more
  to renew interest in animal intelligence than a
  beguiling, bilingual bonobo named Kanzi, who has
  the grammatical abilities of a 2 1/2 year old
  child and a taste for movies about cavemen
  (Linden 57).

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Exordium
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Partitio
Narratio (background)
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Summary at end of Narratio
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Confirmatio (the body of the paper)
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Conclusio
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Using research in writing
Summary of findings
Signal phrase before quotation
Writers own thought
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References at the end
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APA Style
http//www.apastyle.org/
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Parenthetical Citations Multiple Authors

• 2 authors cite both names separated by
  (Kosik Martin, 1999, p. 127)
• 3-5 authors cite all authors first time after
  first time, use et al. (Wilson
  et al., 2000)
• 6 or more authors cite first authors name and
  et al. (Perez et al., 1992)

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Parenthetical Citations Multiple Citations

• Multiple sources from same author chronological
  order, separated by comma (Burke, 1998, 1999, in
  press)
• Within same year (Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999,
  in press)

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Parenthetical Citations Multiple Citations
Continued

• Multiple sources separated by semicolon,
  alphabetical order (Burke, 1998 Perez, 1992
  Wilhite, 2001)
• Personal communication (not included in
  references)
• (T.K. Lutes, personal communication,
  September 19, 2001)

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Book with one author. Note that there is
also a translator in this one. If there
is an editor (Ed.), it follows the same form as
for the translator. Bunuel, L. (1983). The
autobiography of Luis Bunuel. (A. Israel,
Trans.). New York Alfred A. Knopf. Book
with three authors. Note that second and third
authors have their names in normal
order Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., Womack,
D. F. (1990). Building communication
theory. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland
Press. Book in edition other than first
Hacker, D. (1997). A pocket style manual (2nd
ed.). Boston Bedford Books. Personal
Interview Cagle, John A. Personal interview. 16
July 2002.
APA
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Article in a monthly magazine Teachout, T.
(1998, June/July). Old money, young love.
Civilization, 39-40. Article in a weekly
magazine Stodghill, R. (1998, June 15).
Where'd you learn that? Time,52-59. Article
in a journal paginated by volume Fisher, W. R.
(1984). Narration as a human communication
paradigm. Communication Monographs, 51,
1-22. Article in a newspaper Robertson, P.
(1998, June 16). Clothes for a cause. The Fresno
Bee, p. E3.
APA
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Internet citation form is simple, including the
date you accessed the website Note that the word
processor did a word wrap after "Internet"
because there wasn't room on the line for the
entire URL internet address. Cagle, J. A.
(2000). Cagle's famous best movies ever made
lists Online. Retrieved 3 October 2003 from
http//www.csufresno.edu/comm/movie.htm Online
material from InfoTrac or Electronic Database
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,
Pulakos, E. D., White, L. A. (1993).
Role of early supervisory experience in
supervisor performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23,
2000, from PsycARTICLES database.
APA
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Reference List Journal Article

• Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative
  pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin,
  126, 910-924.
• Widmer, M., Ellis, G. D. (1998).
  TheAristotelian good life model Integration
  ofvalues into therapeutic recreation
  services.Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 32(4),
  290-302.
• Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare
  lexicon. Journal of Health.

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Reference List Book

• Noguchi, R. R. (1991). Grammar and the
  teaching of writing Limits and
  possibilities. Urbana, IL National Council
  of Teachers of English.
• Allison, M. T., Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).
  (2000). Diversity and the recreation profession
  Organizational perspectives. State College, PA
  Venture.
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994).
  Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
  disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC Author.

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Reference List Book Chapter

• Adkins, L. (1998). Feminist theory and
  economic change. In S. Jackson J. Jones
  (Eds.), Contemporary feminist theories (pp.
  34-49). Washington Square, NY New York
  University.

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Reference List Electronic Media

• Whitton, J. (1998, July). Videocounseling for
  rural teens with epilepsy. Telehealth News, 2(2).
  Retrieved from http//www.telehealth.net/subscribe
  /newslettr4a.html.1
• United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.).
  1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics.
  Retrieved December 8, 1999, from
  http//www.ussc.gov/ annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

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Reference List Electronic Media Continued

• Mulroy, D. (2001). The war against grammar.
  Retrieved June 28, 2001, from
  http//www2.pct.edu.courses/evara/
  ATEG/Mono/Mulroy/War.htm

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MLA Style
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Book with one author. Note that there is also a
translator in this one. If there is an editor
(Ed.), it follows the same form as for the
translator. Bunuel, Luis. The Autobiography of
Luis Bunuel. Trans. Abigail Israel. New
York Alfred A. Knopf, 1983. Book with three
authors. Note that second and third authors have
their names in normal order Infante, Dominic
A., Andrew S. Rancer, and Deanna F. Womack.
Building Communication Theory. Prospect
Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1990. Book in
edition other than first Hacker, Diana. A
Pocket Style Manual. 2nd ed. Boston Bedford
Books, 1997.
MLA
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Article in a monthly magazine Teachout, Terry.
"Old Money, Young Love." Civilization
June/July 1998 39-40. Article in a
weekly magazine Stodghill, Ron. "Where'd You
Learn That?" Time 15 June 1998
52-59. Article in a journal paginated by volume
Fisher, Walter R. "Narration as a Human
Communication Paradigm." Communication
Monographs 51 (1984) 1-22. Article in a
newspaper Robertson, Peter. "Clothes for a
Cause." The Fresno Bee 16 June 1998
E3. Personal Interview Cagle, John A. Personal
interview. 16 July 2002.
MLA
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Internet citation form is simple, including the
date you accessed the website Note that the word
processor did a word wrap after "Internet"
because there wasn't room on the line for the
entire URL internet address. Cagle, John A.
"Cagle's Famous Best Movies Ever Made
Lists." 23 March 2000.
lthttp//www.csufresno.edu/comm/movie.htmgt.
Online material from InfoTrac Stephenson,
Michael T., William L. Benoit, and David A.
Tschida. Testing the mediating role of
cognitive responses in the elaboration likelihood
model. Communication Studies 52 (Winter 2001).
3 October 2003 lthttp//web7.infotrac.galegroup.co
m/itw/ infomark/234/919/36946857w7/purlrc1_EAIM_0
_A84153501dyn10!xrn_1_0_A84153501?sw_aepcsufres
_maingt
MLA
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