Social Reform

1
Social Reform

• Solutions to the
• Problems
• Of the
• Industrial Revolution

2
Darwin

• 1859 Charles Darwin produced the theory that
  humans evolved over millions of years.
• Natural selection.
• Members of each species compete to survive.
• The most able survive and improve the species.

3
Class Question

• If someone believes in the theory of Survival of
  the Fittest and applies it to humans who do you
  think that person will see as the weak humans
  during the Industrial Revolution and what do you
  think they will do about it?

4
Social Darwinism

• Herbert Spencer
• Took Darwin's theories and applied them to human
  society.
• Spencer, not Darwin, was the first person to coin
  the phrase "survival of the fittest."

5
Social Darwinism

• He believed that government intervention such as
  welfare for the poor, public education, and
  government healthcare, helped weak humans
  survive.
• Spencer believed that the poor should be allowed
  to die off thus making society stronger.

6
Social Reformist Utilitarianism

• Jeremy Bentham
• People should be judged on the basis of their
  usefulness.
• Government should promote the greatest good for
  the greatest number of people.

• John Stuart Mill
• Believed government should improve the lives of
  the poor.
• Government should create policies that make the
  division of profits equal.

7
Socialism

• Concentrate less on the lives of the individual
  and more on the needs of society.
• Government controls the distribution of goods.
• Businesses and farms belong to all the people,
  not individuals.
• Factors of production are owned by the people.
• Socialism was the belief in human nature,
  progress, and a concern for social justice.

8
Utopian Socialism

• Self sufficient communities where the work is
  shared.
• All people would have equal wealth.
• All fighting in the world would end.
• Robert Owen set up a Utopian factory community.

9
Marxist Socialism

• Karl Marx
• German Philosopher
• Promoted a radical theory of scientific
  socialism
• Worked with German Economist Friedrich Engles.
• Wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848.

10
What is Communism under Marx

• Marx believed
• In two social classes
• The Bourgeoisie or the owners of the factories
  and the raw materials which are processed in
  them.
• The Proletariat, or the workers who are forced to
  sell their labor to the Bourgeoisie.

11
What is Communism under Marx

• Marx believed that the Industrial Revolution had
  caused the rich to become richer and the workers
  to become more impoverished.
• Marx said that the only way society could become
  equal if is the workers rose up and overthrew the
  owners.
• The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
  chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen
  of all counties, unite.

12
The Communist Manifesto

• History was a class struggle between wealthy
  capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class
  (proletariat)
• In order to make profits the capitalist took
  advantage of the working class (Lower wages).
• The proletariat would
• Rise up and overthrow the capitalist system
• Create their own government.
• Take control of the means of production.
• Establish a classless, communist, society.
• Wealth would be shared.

13
Marxism/Communism

• The Communist Manifesto produced only a few
  uprisings in 1848 which were quickly put down.
• However Marxist thought will inspire
  revolutionaries like
• Lenin-Russia (1917)
• Mao Zedong-China (1930s)
• Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam (1950s)
• Fidel Castro-Cuba (1950s)

14
Reforms

• In the later part of the 19th century people
  began to see the social consequences of the
  Industrial Revolution
• Poor
• Long hours little pay
• Child labor
• Slums in cities
• It was clear that social reforms were needed!

15
Reforms

• Advances in Education
• Public schools are set up.
• Michael Sadler (The Sadler Report)
• Lead to the Factories Regulation Act of 1833.
• Prohibitive children under 9 from being employed.
• Limited the number of hours worked for children
  under 18.

16
Factory Act of 1833

• In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to
  improve conditions for children working in
  factories.
• No child workers under 9 years of age
• Employers must have a medical or age certificate
  for child workers
• Children between the ages of 9-13 to work no more
  than 9 hours a day
• Children between 13-18 to work no more than 12
  hours a day
• Children are not to work at night
• Two hours schooling each day for children
• Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the
  law throughout the whole of the country.
• Make conditions safer in the factories
• However, the passing of this Act did not mean
  that overnight the mistreatment of children
  stopped.

17
National Child Labor Committee

• By 1904 reformers ended child labor.

18
Labor Unions

• During the Industrial Revolution workers had
  rioted or went on strike usually when
• food prices were too high
• High unemployment
• Most of these riots often lead to no change in
  the working conditions

19
Labor Unions

• By the 1830s-1840s however workers understood
  that if they stood together during strikes they
  might change their plight in the factory system

20
Labor Unions

• Unions were developed to support workers
• Unions assisted in
• Gaining better working conditions
• More pay
• Shorter work days
• Shorter work weeks
• Safety in the workplace
• Pensions
• Health Insurance
• In Britain the labor unions often times formed
  political parties. The most famous was the
  Labour Party which is still a force in politics
  in Britain today.

21
Labor Unions

• Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution
  factory owners realized that
• Healthy
• Happy
• Well paid work force
• Meant
• More productivity
• Loyal workers

22
Women

• Factory work offered higher wages for women.
• Women however only made 1/3 of what a man makes.
• Women became reformist
• Serviced the poor
• Fought against slavery
• Fought for the rights of women

23
Global Impact of Industrialization

• Migration
• From 1845 to 1900s Polish, Italian, Russians,
  Jews move to the United States.
• Starvation in Ireland
• Potato famine causes many to starve and die in
  Ireland. Many Irish move to United States and
  Canada.

24
Economic Systems

• Traditional
• Based on agriculture
• Limited barter trade
• Neolithic Civilizations
• Early River Valley Civilizations

25
Economic Systems

• Market
• Based upon Supply and Demand
• Usually focus on consumer goods
• Little government control.
• Free Market
• Adam Smith
• Capitalism

26
Economic Systems

• Command
• Controlled by strong, centralized government
• Usually focuses on industrial goods
• Little attention paid to agriculture and consumer
  goods
• Marxism/Communism
• Soviet Union/China

27
Economic Systems

• Mixed
• Combination of Market and Command economic
  systems
• Market forces control of most consumer goods
• Government directs industry in need areas.
• The United States today

28
Economic Vocabulary

• Factors of Production
• which are the resources necessary to produce
  goods and services.  These factors include human
  resources, natural resources, and capital or
  money resources.
• Labor
• Materials
• Money

29
Economic Vocabulary

• Human Needs and Wants. 
• Attention must be paid to the resources humans
  need to survive, and to those goods and services
  that serve to enhance living.
• Housing
• Food
• Clothing

30
Economic Vocabulary

• Scarcity
•  Scarcity is the conflict between limited
  resources and unlimited need.  When scarcity of
  any resource occurs, new factors of production
  must be explored for humans to continue to
  survive.
• Lack of oil for gasoline production means new
  methods of energy for vehicles must be found,
  electric.