Title: Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part One: Tourism Overview
1Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
Learning Objectives
- Recognize the world-wide importance of natural
resource conservation and sustainable tourism
development. - Learn how ecotourism can benefit local people.
- Understand the dangers and limitations of
ecotourism. - Understand tourist codes of ethics and
guidelines. - Learn current environmental practices of tourism
organizations and suppliers. - Learn how to maintain natural destinations.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
2The WTTC Four Myths of Tourism
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Myth 1
- Travel Tourism is a non-essential, mass
activity of affluent people in developed
countries. - Myth 2
- Tourisms major environmental impact is damage to
developing countries. - Myth 3
- Ecotourism is the only logical, sustainable
response to the environmental impacts of Travel
Tourism. - Myth 4
- Comprehensive planning regulations and control
are the only way to curb the environmental
exploitation of Travel Tourism.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
3WTTC Key Environmental Issues
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Global warming
- Depletion of the ozone layer
- Acid rain
- Depletion and pollution of water resources
- Depletion and pollutionof land resources
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
4WTTC Implications of Resource Depletion
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Political instability or increased competition
for land could lead to loss of potential new
tourism destinations and degradation of existing
destinations. - Loss of landscape and wildlife could cause a
decrease in customer satisfaction with tourism
products and hence lower propensity to travel to
some destinations. - Higher fuel prices could lead to operational
price increases and corresponding decreases in
the number of travelers in this price-sensitive
market.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
5Elements of the WTTC Vision of Travel
Tourismand the Environment
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Travel Tourism is an integral aspect of modern
societies - Global awareness of environmental damage is
developing rapidly - The resources of the worlds largest industry can
and must be harnessed to achieve environmental
goals - The industry has the potential to influence
billions of customers per years and to use its
leverage to achieve beneficial environmental
effects - The customer challenge will exert a growing
pressure to achieve environmental improvements - Environmental lobbies will add pressure to
develop good environmental practice - Self-regulation must be developed rapidly and
effectively and used to influence the development
of appropriate and workable regulations - Corporate environmental mission statements are a
vital first step toward self-regulation - Environmental leadership must come from the major
international companies
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
6The Premises of Sustainable Development
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- The Premise of Interdependency
- The Premise of Multidisciplinarity
- The Premise of Previous Experience
- The Premise that Nature is Better
- The Premise of Politics and Power
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
7Sustainable Development and Tourism The Critical
Areas
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Defining the Relevant Population/Community
- Defining the Time Horizon
- Defining the Dimensions of Sustainability
- Defining the Values that Underlie Sustainable
Development
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
8Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
Sustainable Development in Tourism A Possible
Allocation of Responsibility
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
9Sustainable Tourism An Agenda for Action
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- ACTIVITIES
- Coordinating the development of a tourism
philosophy and vision for the community/ region - Specifying the major goals of the
community/region with respect to tourism - Obtaining consensus concerning the social,
physical, and cultural carrying capacity of the
community/region in question - Identifying the specific action initiatives
necessary to meet the tourism development
objectives while respecting the destinations
carrying capacities - Gaining agreement on the measures to be used in
monitoring the impacts of tourism in the
community/region - Gathering and disseminating information
concerning the impacts of tourism on the
community/region
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
10Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
Sustainable Tourism An Agenda for Action
- PROGRAM ELEMENTS
- Maximum total visitation levels to a
community/region - An obligatory tax to support tourism
infrastructure planning, development, and
maintenance - Community-supported legislation to protect and
preserve unique resources and heritage sites - Community and industry consensus concerning
architectural and signage standards - Support for standards and certification programs
that encourage staff development and the delivery
of high-quality service
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
11Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
Definitions of Ecotourism
Some definitions of ecotourism are as follows
- Responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and sustains the
well-being of local people - Environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes
seeing and saving natural habitats and
archeological treasures - A tool for conservation
- Ecologically responsible tourism
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
12Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
Benefits and Importance of Ecotourism
- Provides jobs and income for local people
- Makes possible funds to purchase and improve
protected or natural areas to attract more
ecotourists in the future - Provides environmental education for visitors
- Encourages heritage and environmental
preservation and enhancement
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
13Translating Idealism into Sustainable Tourism
What Managers Need to Know
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Measures of
- The general relationship between tourism and the
environment - The effects of environmental factors on tourism
- The impacts of the tourism industry on the
environment
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
14Types of Indicators
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Core indicators of sustainable tourism which have
been developed for general application to all
destinations - Destination-specific indicators applicable to
particular ecosystems or types of tourism. These
indicators fall into two categories - Supplementary ecosystem-specific indicators for
application to particular ecosystems (e.g.,
coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or
mountainous regions). - Site-specific indicators that are developed
uniquely for the particular site. These
indicators reflect important factors of the site.
Which may not be adequately covered by the core
and supplementary eco-system-specific indicator
sets, but are nonetheless needed for management
of theparticular site.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
15Core Indicators of Sustainable Tourism
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- a International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources - b The composite indices are largely composed of
site-specific variables. Consequently, the
identification and evaluation of the indicators
composing these indices require on-site direction
from an appropriately trained and experienced
observer. In the future, based on the experiences
in designing composite indicators for specific
sites, it may be possible to derive these indices
in a more systematic fashion.See the case
studies for Villa Gesell and Peninsula Valdes for
application of these indices. - Source World Tourism Organization
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
16Tourism Industry Associations of Canada
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- Enjoy our diverse natural and cultural heritage
and help us to protect and preserve it. - Assist us in our conservation efforts through the
efficient use of resources, including energy and
water. - Experience the friendliness of our people and the
welcoming spirit of our communities. Help us to
preserve these attributes by respecting our
traditions, customs, and local regulations. - Avoid activities which threaten wildlife or plant
populations, or which may be potentially damaging
to our natural environment. - Select tourism products and services that
demonstrate social, cultural, and environmental
sensitivity.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment
17Common Features of All Codes
Part Four Tourism Supply, Demand Policy,
Planning, and Development
- the need to make an overall commitment to the
physical and human environment, to accept
responsibility for environmental damage and take
corrective action where necessary, and to promote
and reward outstanding environmental performance - the need to develop policies and strategies that
take account of land-use planning regulations and
the need to protect some areas from further
development - the need to develop management policies that
enhance beneficial and minimize adverse impacts
on the environment and - the need to cooperate with other firms, sectors
and countries.
Chapter 17 Tourism and the Environment